英语课后答案

第一篇：英语课后答案

Unit 1

TranslationUnit 1 P23

全球化本质上是国际层面上的融合，很多情况下，全球化使经济的融合，由商业活动和贸易协定所推动，在其他情况下，全球化也可以是意识形态的融合，是不同思想和观点在国家和地区之间的交流，但是无论是哪种情况，全球化都包含一个最重要的因素，即交际、有效的交际为个人提供所需信息，使他们能够作为消费者、工人和公民参与今天的全球化社会的活动，只有通过在全球范围内进行有效的信息共享，才能使诸如国际贸易政策到MP3文件传播的活动真正具有国际的本质。

在这样的交际框架下，使用权的概念尤其重要，也就是说，只有对重要信息具有使用权，人们才可以有效的加入到今天有关商品、服务和思想的全球市场中来，反过来，使用权经常依赖于提出和交流思想所用到的媒体和技术，事实上，就全球化而言，信息使用权所必需的媒体通常是电子媒体或者网络媒体，这些媒体之所以重要，就在于他们的快速性和直接性，它们使得个人可以在全球范围内发现并交流信息，比如说，电子邮件可以让一身处波士顿的人与住在北京的某个人快速便捷的进行信息交流，就像这个人在网络对面的某个地方进行交流一样。Unit 2

Case 1Unit 2 P40

There is a big difference between Chinese and American who is the decision-maker of the work.The Chinese usually work to compline the task according to what their boss or supervisor requires, while Americans, on the contrary, finish their jobs according to what they suppose is right.In this case, Li Hua completed his report within 16 days, faster compared with the actually 20 days, but later than it was agreed on.So the American supervisor got angry, which caused Li Hua's resignation.If I were Li Hua, I would tell the American supervisor the fact that I really had made great efforts to finish the report in 16 days though later than 15 days but faster than 20 days that is said earlier.Then, if the supervisor still felt angry and were not flexible would resign just as Li Hua had done.Case 2Unit 2P41

In Asia especially in Korea a high value is placed on harmonious personal relationship, while conflicts are every effort is made to be polite and non-confrontational.However, Jim comes from American where personal competence in dealing with matters is emphasized in spite of high focus on teamwork.On the other hand, American people are highly practical and realistic, they would think the earlier the problem can be discovered the better solutions can be sought.Therefore, when a problem was finally brought to Jim's attention, it was too late for there was no much time left to solve it.In this case, Jim felt exasperated because the problem discovered has left him no much time to solve it.For Jim, he is supposed to build a good intercultural communication, but what he should do first is to know Korean culture well.Koreans hold that American's directness in dealing with problems, efforts and even dishonesty is unacceptable.So from Jim himself it is much better to know Korean culture especially their strategy of saving face and losing face.Problems exist really, but if they are discovered earlier people concerned with the problem will lose face in terms of Korean's viewpoint.Case 3Unit 2 P41

Smiling in China means not only that someone is happy but also that he or she is sorry.It is very desirable for Chen Jie to make an apology with a smile, which indicates his humbleness and embarrassment.But for Peter, this smile does not mean the same thing.He regarded the smile not as a sorry but as smirking, a sign of disrespect.Then it is understandable that Peter refused Chen Jie's sorry.IN fact, this story comes from cultural misunderstanding between Chen Jie and Peter.An American thinks that a westerner in Chen Jie's situation would probably keep eyes lowered when making

an apology.And a westerner would expect the employee to look at him or her in the eye and definitely not to smile.It can not be more usual for people who make a mistake to say sorry.But if this situation takes place in the process of intercultural communication, things change.Chen Jie is supposed to know that the sorry he made is not to his Chinese natives but to an American, what he should do is that he would look at Peter in the eye when he made an apology.By doing so Peter will truly believe that the sorry he made came from his honesty.TranslationUnit 2 P52

“文化”和“文明”两个词在许多语言中的使用一直混淆不清，《韦氏完整版大辞典》对这两个词的定义也是相互解释的：“文化”即是文明中的一个特别的进步阶段或者状态；“文明”则是社会文化的进步。虽然“文明”一词有时仅指“先进的”或者“高级的”的文化，但是在普通以及书面英语里，一直是倾向于把这两个词当做近义词，总体上，这种倾向也反映在作为社会科学中的文学中，戈登威泽1922年写的人类学导论，书名就是《早期文明》。书中有关“文化”的全部引用索引都被归入“文明”一词之下，有些作者反复的使用“文化或者文明”或者“文明或者文化”这些措辞，萨姆纳与凯勒也遵循这种惯例，不过，两人至少在一个地方曾明确表示，二者在概念上仍略有差异，我们所称作的文明史社会调整，它构成了比先前文化更为复杂的聚合体。

Unit 3

Case 4Unit 3 P80

Just as many Americans believe that thirteen is unlucky, the Chinese have strong beliefs about good luck or bad luck associated with particular numbers.Four is the most negative number, since its sound is the same as the word death.Mr.and Mrs.Lin are obviously Chinese who are fully aware of the negative meaning of four.For the Lins to have death in their address would bode poorly for their future in this new house.Numbers have positive and negative values for the Chinese.Sometimes the sound of number word is the same as that of negative connotations, for example, seven is related to the notion that ghosts return seven days after death.Positive meanings are associated with other numbers: one for guaranteed;two for easy;three for life;six for happiness;eight for prosperity;nine for long life.Furthermore, combinations of certain numbers have significance--by placing a five, which by itself is neutral, in front of an eight, the good effect of the eight is cancelled.Similarly, the Japanese have a death associating with the number four as well.The number 666 has ominous connotations for some Christians who associate it with the mark of the devil.Among the Navajos, four is not only their sacred number, but when they are in a court of law, they do not answer a question until it has been asked four times.Case 5Unit 3 P81

Evelyn was unaware that her daughter-in-law was observing common Asian postpart..behavior: the new mom goes to bed for a month while everyone pampers her.Family members, and sometimes neighbors, take over cooking and cleaning when the baby needs to be fed, they bring a freshly change infant to the mother.In China, this practice is called zuo yuezi(sitting through the month).The woman must stay in bed behind closed windows, cover her head, and take many precautions to insure that she not damage her ability to produce breast milk.Once Evelyn discovered that her daughter-in-law was behaving in a customary postpartum manner, she relaxed her attitude.Sometimes what we perceive as negative behavior has roots in another paradigm.In American culture, the new mothers can do all the things Evelyn think Zen should do;while in some other cultures it is quite different.They give more physical support to new mothers, where family and friends assume household obligations so that the

new mom can rebuild her strength for at least one month after delivery.Case 6Unit 3 P81

The case illustrates a cross-cultural misunderstanding of a very subtle aspect of culture.How close an individual can get to another while talking is, to a large extent, dictated by one's culture? It is said that most middle-class North Americans choose a normal conversational distance of no closer than twenty-two inches from each other's mouth.However, for people of certain South American and Caribbean cultures, the distance is approximately fifteen inches, while still other cultures(in the Middle East)maintain a distance of nine to ten inches.The problem that occurred between the Latin American and New York policeman was that their respective cultures had different ideas about spatial distancing.The Latin American was attempting to establish what for him was a comfortable conversational distance.Unfortunately, the policeman felt threatened because his personal space, as defined by his culture, was being violated.Had either of them understood this cultural behavior difference, the breakdown in communication and the arrest could have been avoided.TranslationUnit 3 P82

既然有些跨文化交际的技能是所有文化普遍使用的，我们就可以有效地运用客位的（文化通用的）方法。但要制作一个具体文化的范式，我们也需要运用主位的方法。因此，为了准确描述文化差异，我们需要深入的调查我们打算与之交际的文化。理想情况下，通过主位的方法，不断提高差异意识，应该会产生我们与他人不同的观念，而不总是他人与我们不同的观念。培养人们对差异存在的敏感性是熟练进行跨文化交际的第一步。跨文化交际能力和具体文化交际能力应该被看做是两个独立的概念，二者同时其作用，共同促进特定跨文化交往的成功。为了获得对一个文化的最大认识而从该文化内部进行研究时，我们应该警惕任何文化差异，这些差异很有可能造成交际问题，但可能与任何外部范畴都不相符。我们要记住，文化不是静止的，而是活跃的，是不断发展和演化的。理想情况是，我们要学会在遇到任何不熟悉或冒犯性的语言或者非语言行为时，不要匆忙做出判断，而要问问自己，“这么做有什么用”

Unit 4

Case 1Unit 4 P99

It is sadly true that a lot of Chinese people would try the personal way when they feel that the official way cannot help them achieve what they want.To a very large event, knowing someone who is in charge means a big advantage, as the Chinese place a lot of importance in giving each other “face” by trying to accommodate the person in need.In this case, though Guangrui did not initiate the idea of calling Ms.Morim, he could not help thinking that it was Professor Stevens' personal relation with Ms.Morim that helped to convince her to change her mind about his project.Sure enough, such “help” is not given for nothing.Sooner or later, the person helped will have to return the favor in another form of help to the help.This has been an unpleasant practice that people have been trying to change.Ms.Morim agreed with Professor Stevens because he presented his(and Guangrui's)suggestions in a calm, rational approach.He had acknowledged her good intentions to help the project succeed, accepted the ideas he could, and made a reasonable case against suggestions that did not fit in with the project.While he felt comfortable calling her because they know each other, her change of mind was not made on the basis of their knowing each other.Instead, she agreed because Professor Stevens.....Case 2Unit 4 P100

....open to signify that nothing inappropriate is going on is as strange to a North American as the suggestion that they would need a chaperon.If Lan Lan did not know Kevin, or was concerned about her safety, she should not go to his room at all.Or if she

needed to speak with him, they should do it in a public place.Given the fact that they were colleagues who trusted each other and that their relationship was not romantic.Kevin would have no sense that Lan Lan would feel the need to keep the door open to protect her reputation.Nor would he think that anyone else had the right to be able to see the two of theme talking.The suggestion that if a man and a woman are alone together behind a closed door, something sexual is happening, is absurd from a Western perspective.For a very long time in China, tradition has it that it is not appropriate for a man and a woman to be alone together in the same room.Thus Lan Lan deliberately left the door ajar when she went into Kevin's room.Though she knew Kevin was decent man and would not try anything inappropriate, she still felt uncomfortable behind a closed door.All this may be old-fashioned, and young people are less likely to keep doors open when visiting, but there are still many Chinese who would do as Lan Lan did.Case 3Unit 4 P100

The idea of privacy is rather new in China, while people still have fresh memory of the time when they had little personal space.There have been times when consumer goods were in very short supply and people in line had to stand very close to one another to prevent others from cutting into the line.As a result, people have got used to standing close to the one before them.even when it comes to banking.They may not be interested in knowing other people's PINs, but their being too close poses a threat to those who want more space for peace of mind.The lack of privacy when banking is something Chinese resent but still put up with because it appears that the new ideas such as privacy need more time to sink in.some public places have posted signs that ask people to keep some distance from the person who is receiving service.“Personal space” is one of the cultural differences that people first notice when dealing with individuals from other cultures.North Americans prefer more distance than Chinese do.Some western Europeans, such as Scandinavians and Germans, like even more space.Differences in how close to stand are a source of discomfort or misunderstanding as frequently as are dining habits.TranslationUnit 4 P109

价值观是所有文化的另一个特点，对不同民族来说，价值观对于保持文化整体性是至关重要的，因为它们代表了对于延续人们生活方式来说最基本的品质，价值观和文化之间的联系非常紧密，很难在不涉及一方的前提下去谈论另一方，正如麦休尼斯所指出的，价值观从文化上定义了愿望、善良和美好的标准，这些标准形成了社会生活的广义指导原则，在关于文化价值观的任何讨论中，关键词都是指导原则，换言之，价值观帮助确立了人们应该怎样行为表现的原则，根据文化差异程度的不同，人们可以预期跨文化交际的参与者在相似的环境下可能会预见到、表现出不同的行为。例如，尽管所有文化都重视长着，不同文化中重视的程度却是很不相同。在韩国和美洲印第安文化中，人们高度尊敬甚至崇敬长者，进而向他们寻求建议，进行咨询。当然，与之形成鲜明对比的是美国文化，青年时重视的焦点。

第二篇：英语课后答案

第一单元

Reading Comprehension 1.正确答案是C。

解析： 问题是 “人类不能阻止污染是因为……”。选项A “全球污染发展很快”;选项B “;人们使用太多的人造物质”;选项C “我们有了更多的工业”;选项D “我们正在生产更多的汽车,卡车和公共汽车” 根据第一自然段,我们可判断出正确答案为C。2.正确答案是B。

解析：问题是 “人们挤进城市是为了……”。选项A “他们非常渴望找到高薪工作”;选项B “他们渴望享受我们社会的成就”;选项C “他们厌倦了他们的家乡”;选项D “他们极其想当工人” 根据第二段第六句 “eager fro the benefits of our modern society” ,我们可判断出正确答案为B。

3.正确答案是A。

解析：问题是 “根据这篇文章,人类最看重下列各项的什么? ”。

选项A “工业”;选项B “;健康”;选项C “清洁的空气”;选项D “孩子的未来” 根据第二段,第三句 “We make „increasing industrialization our chief aim‟”,我们可判断出正确答案为A。

4.正确答案是D。

解析：问题是 “飞行员的故事告诉我们 ……”。选项A “人类知道社会改往哪里走”;选项B “;人们不欢迎现代社会的快速发展”;选项C “人类对污染问题束手无策”;选项D “作者为社会的未来担心” 根据第三段,我们可判断出正确答案为D。

5.正确答案是B。

解析：问题是 “什么是解决严重工业污染的最好办法？”。选项A “随着技术的发展，污染成了严重的问题。”;选项B “;降低发展的速度停止污染。”;选项C “到了我们采取行动降低污染的时候了。”;选项D “随着工业快速发展，污染是自然结果。” 根据文章,我们可判断出正确答案为B。第二单元 1.D 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.B 第三单元 1.C 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.A 第四单元 1.C

解析：本题需要根据信息判断。根据第一段 “There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood.” 只有C 最准确地描述了作者的观点，即近年奥林匹克运动没有对增进国际间的友谊起到多少作用。2.B

解析：本题需要推断含义。根据上下文，该经理人是在认为该场比赛不公的情况下说出这样的话的，在根据 “finished”可以推断B，即不公的裁判断送了曲棍球及国际曲棍球联盟。3.A 解析：本题也为含义推断题。该例子说的是美国队对奥运会的一场篮球冠军争夺战是否应该延时三秒以及最后拒绝接受第二名的事。通过”But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.” 也可以得出答案为A。4.C

解析：含义推断题。作者在第2和第3段中分别描述了曲棍球比赛和篮球比赛的两个例子。5.A

解析：本题为概括主题。还是通过 “But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.” 可以看出作者的观点：现在奥运会组织当中有太多能够激发具有敌意的爱国情绪的东西。因此可以得出结论 A: 奥运会的组织工作有待改善。第五单元 1.B 解析：问题是“DeMille的妈妈在他爸爸去世后，为了支撑家庭，都做了什么事情”。选项A“她写了很多的剧本，然后把它们卖掉”；选项B“她和其他的家庭成员一起开了一家电影公司”；选项C“她去做了演员”；选项D“她让她的儿子来管理公司”。根据文中“His mother kept the family together by establishing a theater company.他的妈妈通过建立一家电影公司使一家人团结在一起。”。因此正确答案是B。2.C 解析：问题是“Jesse L.Lasky Feature Play公司是在哪一年成立的”选项A、B、C分别是1881年，1903年和1913年，选项D“未提及”。根据文中“He continued working in his mother‟s theater company as an actor and a manager until 1913.That year, he joined Jesse L.Lasky and Samuel Goldfish to form the Jesse L.Lasky Feature Play Company.那年(在1913年)，他加入Jesse L.Lasky and Samuel Goldfish，组建了Jesse L.Lasky Feature Play Company新公司。”，因此正确答案是C。3.D 解析：问题是“为什么DeMille和公司最终决定选择好莱坞作为制作电影的理想之地的原因”。选项A“因为好莱坞是那条线的末端，他们别无选择”；选项B“因为好莱坞尽管现代，但是很安静”；选项C“因为好莱坞在那时候很出名”；选项D“因为好莱坞不想Flagstaff那样现代，但是在西部是个比较适合制作电影的地方”。根据文中“DeMille thought the area looked too modern.They got back on the train and keep going until they reached the end of the line.They were in a quiet little town in southern California.The town was called Hollywood.DeMille decided this was the perfect place to film the movie.DeMille认为这个地方看上去很现代。他们做火车返回，继续前行知道他们到达这条线的终点。他们到了加利福尼亚南部的一个安静的小镇，这个城镇就是好莱坞。DeMille决定这个地方是拍摄电影的理想之地。”因此正确答案是D。4.A 解析：问题是“关于„Squaw Man‟下列哪种说法是正确的”。选项A“这部以反映西部生活的全景电影迅速走红。”； 选项B“电影是在Flagstaff Arizona拍摄的”；选项C“电影是描述野性状态下人们的生活，制作于1913年”；选项D“电影是在好莱坞制作的第一部电影”。根据文中“Squaw Man” was one of the first full-length movies produced in Hollywood是其中一部，而不是第一部，因此D错误。是在好莱坞拍摄的，因此B错误。C在文中没有提及。A项根据原文第三段“It was released in 1913 and was an immediate success.它在1913年播放并取得了快速成功”，因此正确答案是A。5.C 解析：问题是“关于„Cecil B.DeMille‟不正确的说法是”。选项A“他在电影也知名的先驱”；选项B“他曾经是一家电影公司的演员”；选项C“他曾经认为好莱坞不是拍摄西部电影的理想之地”；选项D“他帮助好莱坞成为电影业的中心”。此题比较明显，他最终成就了，发展了好莱坞的电影业，并且根据第三段“The town was called Hollywood.DeMille decided this was the perfect place to film the movie.这个城镇就是好莱坞。DeMille决定这个地方是拍摄电影的理想之地。”可以得知正确答案是C。第六单元 1.D

解析：问题是“人们什么时候能结婚”。选项A“他们到了合法年龄”；选项B“他们有了孩子之后”；选项C“他们达到一定的体检要求”；选项D“选项A和C都正确”。根据原文第一段“In the United States，when people attain legal marriage age and meet certain medical requirements，they are free to choose their own mates.在美国，当人们达到结婚的法定年龄，同时达到体检要求，他们可以自由选择配偶。”可知选项A和C的内容都正确，所以选D。2.D

解析：问题是“下面那种情况能给婚姻带来好运”。选项A“新娘和新郎在婚礼的前一天晚上约会”；选项B“新郎找许多英俊的伴郎在婚礼时站在他旁边”；选项C“新娘向未结婚的女性扔她手中的那束鲜花”；选项D“新娘穿点旧的东西，新的东西，借的东西和蓝色的东西”。根据原文第二段“Another old custom that many people believe will bring good luck to the marriage is for the bride to wear „something old，something new，something borrowed and something blue.‟另一个古老的习俗是人们都相信新娘穿点旧的东西，新的东西，借的东西和蓝色的东西会带来好运。”所以选项D正确。3.C

解析：问题是“根据文章，下面哪种关于伴郎陈述是不真实的”。选项A“伴郎应该是新郎的好友，在婚礼期间站在新郎旁边帮助新郎”；选项B“伴郎最初是用来打扮成和许多人相似的装扮用来迷惑邪恶幽灵的”；选项C“伴郎是在婚礼时敲钟吓跑邪恶幽灵的人”；选项D“古时候的伴郎应该足够强大去帮助新郎逃脱新娘的朋友”。根据原文第三段“Before the wedding day the bridegroom always chooses a “best man”，a good friend to help him and stand beside him during the wedding ceremony.The idea of having a best man originated from the belief that evil spirits，envious of the couple‟s happiness，......The custom of the best man goes back to the ancient days when a strong friend helped the bridegroom escape from the bride‟s friends.在婚礼的前一天新郎通常会找一个伴郎，一个能帮助他的朋友在婚礼当天站在他旁边。新郎最初是因为人们相信他能驱走羡慕新婚夫幸福的邪恶幽灵。伴郎的习俗可以追溯到古时候那些强壮的朋友帮助新郎逃脱新娘的朋友。”所以选项A.B,D都符合原文意思，应该排除。而原文当中确实提到敲钟，可不是伴郎敲的。所以选项C不符合原文的意思。4.C

解析：问题是“根据文章，下面关于婚戒的陈述那种是不真实的”。选项A“婚戒的圆形意味着婚姻会地久天长”；选项B“婚戒的圆形代表这新婚夫妇一生永结同心”；选项C“婚戒通常戴在右手的中指上”；选项D“婚戒通常是一个纯金环”。根据原文第四段“The wedding ring is worn on the third finger of the left hand.婚戒通常戴在左手的中指上。”可知选项C中的描述是不正确的。5.D

解析：问题是“这篇文章最好的题目是什么”。选项A“婚戒的传统”；选项B“伴郎和婚礼”；选项C“婚礼上的好运”；选项D“婚礼习俗和传统”。这个问题需要弄懂整篇文章的意思，选项ABC都属于选项D的一部分。所以选项D最能概括原文。第七单元 1.A 解析：问题是“根据作者的意思，我们住在怎么样的一个世界里”。选项A“人们之间越来越多的相互依赖”；选项B“人们之间的距离越拉越远”；选项C“世界变得越来越神奇”；选项D“世界正以一个我们以前从来没有经历过的速度迅速扩张”。答案参见文章第二段第一句“We live in an increasingly interdependent world.我们住在一个越来越相互依赖的世界”。因此正确答案是A。2.B 解析：问题是“作者把在国外求学比作了什么”。选项A“自我发现”；选项B“被移植”；选项C“分界线”；选项D“灯”。从第二段的“Being transplanted or transferred from the familiar to the unfamiliar provides a unique opportunity for self-discovery, as well as personal and professional growth.从熟悉的环境被移植或转移到一个不熟悉的环境，能够为自我发现和个人和职业的发展提供一个独一无二的机会”。因此正确答案是B。3.D 解析：问题是“下列选项中，哪一个没有被提到作为理解为什么世界别的相互依赖了原因”。选项A“我们应该同其他国家人民建立亲密，有意义的联系”；选项B“我们必须尽力去理解彼此”；选项C“我们要在我们内部寻找异同”；选项D“我们必须经常四处旅行来拓宽我们的视野”。从第二段的二、三句“To survive and succeed, as individuals and as a nation, we must establish close, meaningful contacts with our colleagues in other countries.We must work toward understanding each other, sorting through our differences and finding the common ties of common people that all of us share.可以得到答案，只有D选项是没有被提到的。4．C 解析：问题是“为什么一些学生在对于去国外求学的第一步产生犹豫的想法”。选项A”他们感觉他们的文化要优于所有去的国家的文化“；选项B“他们享受不到他们在国内的自由”；选项C“他们对于出国求学有错误的观念”；选项D“国外求学需要成为教育的一个主要部分”。文章最后一句“some students hesitate to take the first step because of certain false stories that surround the idea of studying overseas.提到false stories（不真实的传言）会给学生带来对留学错误的看法和观念。所以正确答案是C。5.B 解析：问题是“根据作者的观点，世界在逐渐的变小对我们产生了哪些影响”。选项A“我们接受越来越多的教育”；选项B“我们有越来越多的选择”；选项C“我们有更多的空间来生存和发展”；选项D“我们更多的是希望到国外去观光”。最后一段第一句“As the world grows smaller, and our options increasingly expand, studying abroad needs to be a key part of your education.随着世界变得越来越小，我们的选择越来越大，去国外学习需要成为你教育的主要的一部分。”文中的option与选项的choice是近义词，所以正确答案是B。第八单元 1.B 解析：问题是为什么日本工人在工作中变得不高兴。选项A“他们报酬很低”，选项B“他们要比以前做跟多的工作”，选项C“他们中的大多数失业了”，选项D“他们对他们的雇主不满意”。根据原文首先排除选项C和D。原文第一段“Japanese are becoming unhappier at work, the government said in a report yesterday, highlighting complaints over pay, lack of vacations and a decline in morale.日本工人在工作中开始变得不高兴，政府在昨天的一个报告中强调了工人对工资、缺少假期和士气下降的抱怨。”和第二段的解释 “Workers seem to want more personal time and increasingly want to fulfill their emotional needs rather than materialistic needs.工人看起来是想要更多的个人时间来填补他们的感情需求而不是更看重物质需要。”由此可以看以看出答案A不正确，只有选项B正确。2.B 解析：问题是日本公司在雇佣人才的时候面临的新挑战是什么。选项A“高工资”，选项B“人口老龄化”，选项C“庞大的职工总数”，选项D“雇员文化素质低”。原文第三段提到“The findings are a reminder of the challenges companies face now in hiring new talents as Japan‟s population ages and its work force shrinks, some economists said.这些发现提醒公司现在面临的新挑战是雇佣人才方面，因为日本人口的老龄化和缺乏劳动力，一些经济学家说”所以可以得知答案是选项B。3.B 解析：问题是近些年年轻工人跟随的趋势是什么。选项A“他们坚持一生从事相同的工作”，选项B“他们经常换工作”，选项C“他们只做兼职工作”，选项D“他们既做兼职工作也做全职工作”。根据原文第五段“Young workers have in recent years favored carefree lifestyles, hopping from one part-time job to another, or quitting full-time jobs after just a few years年轻工人近几年喜欢无忧无虑的生活方式，他们从一个兼职换到另外一个兼职，或者干几年就把全职工作辞掉。”由此可以得知选项B符合原文意思。4.D 解析：问题是老工人换工作是因为什么原因。选项A“他们觉得当前的职业很辛苦”，选项B“他们没有被提升”，选项C“他们报酬低”，选项D“他们不能很好的与同事共处”。根据原文第六段“Older workers were switching jobs because they failed to get along with colleagues or were unhappy with how they were being evaluated at companies using performance-based management老工人换工作是因为他们不能与同事很好相处或者是对于公司里业绩考核管理体制评估不高兴。”可以得知选项D与原文符合。5.A 解析：问题是在以业绩考核的管理体制下，下面那种陈述是不真实的。选项A“工资系统的执行应该改善”，选项B“评估的基本要素应该清晰”，选项C“雇员应该被保证能晋升，同时工资也要提高，不管他们的业绩如何”，选项D“应该为评价提供详细的解释说明”。根据原文最后一段“For an effective performance-based system, efforts are needed to improve the implementation of the wage system, such as making clear the basis for evaluation and providing detailed explanations for the assessments一个有效的业绩考核的管理体制，需要在工资系统的执行方面提高上做出努力，如评估的基本要素应该清晰，为评价提供详细的解释说明”得知选项B、C、D都符合原文意思。而原文倒数第二段明确提到“Under Japan‟s traditional lifetime employment system, employees were guaranteed promotions and pay increases as they grew older, regardless of performance.在日本传统的终生雇佣体制下，雇员能保证能晋升，同时工资也会提高，不管他们的业绩如何”所以与业绩考核的管理体制不符。故选项A正确。

第三篇：英语课后翻译答案

UNIT1 政府采取的一系列措施不但没有化解矛盾，反倒激起更多的暴力冲突。反对党联合工会发动了一次

大罢工，最终导致政府的垮台。(give rise to;form an alliance with;launch;bring about)Instead of resolving contradictions, the series of measures taken by the government gave rise to more violent clashes.The Opposition formed an alliance with the trade unions and launched a general strike, which ultimately brought about the downfall of the government.2 如今，大学与现实世界的距离越来越小，学生也变得越来越实际。从前，大学是一个象牙塔，学者追求的是学问本身而不是把学问作为达到目的的手段，但这样的时代已经一去不复返了。(shrink;gone are the days;a means to an end)

Nowadays, the gap between the university and the real world is shrinking and students are becoming more and more practical.Gone are the days when the university was an ivory tower in which scholars pursued knowledge as an end rather than a means to an end.3 我从未指望靠上课来学好这门课。但我确实去听课，因为在课上我能了解这门课的重点，学会如何组织材料、如何推理。(hope;the place where)

I never hoped to learn the subject well by attending those lectures.But I did go to lectures, for it was the place where I could get the important points of the course and learn how to organize materials and how to reason.4 我一直想方设法解决这个难题，但就是找不到满意的答案。可是当我去厨房喝饮料的时候，我突然间灵机一动，意识到解决问题的方法实际上可能很简单。(work out;click)

Although I have been trying every means to solve the problem, I cannot work out a satisfactory solution.But when I went to the kitchen to get a drink, something clicked and made me realize that the solution might be quite simple..UNIT2 1 一看见抽屉里的那些老照片，我的眼泪就涌了出来。它们让我想起了我跟爷爷奶奶、爸爸妈妈、兄弟姐妹一起生活的美好时光。(the moment;well up)

The moment I saw those old photos in the drawer, tears welled up in my eyes, for my memory went back to the days when I lived happily with my grandparents, my parents and my brothers and sisters.2 有个学生踩到地上的一滩水滑倒了。周围的人反应各异，有的关心地走上前去看他是否受伤了、能为他做点什么；有的则站在一边不知所措；有的干脆就不理。(diverge from;approach;confuse over;tune out)When a student slipped on a pool of water and fell over, people’s reaction diverged from one another.Some approached caringly to see if he was hurt and if they could help;some just stood there confusing over what to do about it;while others just tuned out.3 上星期六上午，我像往常一样去超市购物。我刚要打开车门，却发现没带钱包。我只好回家去找，可是哪儿也找不到。(do the usual;do nothing but;fail to do)

Last Saturday morning, I did the usual and went shopping in the supermarket.When I was about to open the door of my car, I found that I did not have my wallet on me.I could do nothing but go back home in search of it, but I failed to find it anywhere.4 我上小学二年级的时候，我们班有个同学得到的生日礼物是一辆红色的遥控车。我们大家只有羡慕的份，却不能也去买一辆，因为那种遥控车很贵，而且还是在香港买的，那时候在我们看来香港和纽约一样遥不可及。(could only;as far as)When I was a second grader, one of my classmates got a red radio-controlled toy car as a birthday gift.The rest of us could only admire, but could not imitate, because the car was expensive and was bought in Hong Kong, a place which seemed to us as far away as New York at that time.UNIT3 1 这些文件很重要，内容要绝对保密。如果要处理掉的话，应先把它们切碎或斯掉，而不是直接当垃 圾扔掉。(content of which;tear up;instead of)These are important documents, the content of which should be kept strictly confidential.If you need to dispose of them, you must shred them or tear them up instead of throwing them out with the trash.2 现在，伪造支票、身份证和信用卡之类的白领犯罪已变得相当普遍。尽管我们学会了许多防止被骗的招数，可是看起来我们随时都可能被骗。(forge;prevent...from)

Nowadays, white-collar crimes such as forging checks, ID cards and credit cards have become very common.Though we have learnt much about how to prevent ourselves from being cheated, it seems that we could be its victims at any time.3 地震已过去了好几个月，生活恢复了正常。人们与平时一样忙着各自的事情。但一个无法回避的事实是，地震给人们带来的精神创伤也许永进无法抹去。(go about;there is no escaping the fact that...;mental trauma;wipe out)

It has been several months since the earthquake.Life has returned to normal, and people are busy going about their business.But there is no escaping the fact that the mental trauma the earthquake brought to people will never be wiped out.4 为什么说一个图书馆拥有大量可供随时阅览的新书及电子图书资源很重要呢？因为那样的话，学者们就可以了解自己学科领域里的最新迚展，知道自己的研究是否有价值。(matter;readily available to;if so)

Why does it matter that a library has many new books and electronic resources readily available to the readers? This is because if so, the scholars know the latest development in their own fields and know whether their research is valuable.UNIT4 1 这个消息来得如此突然、如此令人震惊，我在沙发上呆呆地坐了几分钟。我的第一本能反应就是赶紧打电话把这件事告诉领导，看看我们能为那些在这起交通事敀中死伤的同事做些什么。(so...that;first instinct)

So sudden, so striking was the news that I sat motionless on sofa for a few minutes.My first instinct was to call our leaders to tell them what had happened and see what we could do for those colleagues who died or got injured in this traffic accident.2 纸版的儿童图书与电子书相比有很大的优势。对孩子们来说，一本印刷精美的纸版书不仅是一本书也是一个玩具。读纸版书的感觉与在屏幕上读书的感觉是很不同的。(have advantage over;be different from)

Paper books for children have an enormous advantage over e-books.For children, a beautifully printed paper book is not only a book but also a toy they can play with.Reading a paper book is rather different from reading a book on the screen.3近年来，传统媒体呈现出衰退的趋势，新媒体迅速发展。尽管如此，这幵不一定意味着传统媒体已失去市场。若谈到阅读新闻之类，人们还是习惯于像报纸这样的传统媒体。(in the tendency of;not necessarily;when it comes to...)

In recent years, traditional media are in the tendency of decline and new media are developing rapidly.However, this does not necessarily mean that traditional media have lost the market.When it comes to reading things like news, people are still used to such traditional media as newspaper.4 随着金融危机的爆发，许多企业陷入了困境。对于那些因缺乏流动资金无法迚行再生产又不想让恶性循环继续下去的企业，他们唯一能做的事情就是向政府求助。(find oneself in difficulty;turn to)

With the explosion of the financial crisis, many enterprises find themselves in difficulties.For those who have no circulating fund to invest in new production and would not let the vicious circle continue, the only thing they can do is to turn to government for help.UNIT5 1 虽然遇到了很多困难，但在他的带领下，公司产品打开了销路，总体形式也有了好转。为了表彰他的突出贡献，公司决定奖励他一套住房。(come across;for the better;in recognition of)Though they came across many difficulties, under his leadership they successfully found a market for their products, and the overall situation was changing for the better.In recognition of his outstanding contributions, the company decided to give him a flat as an award.2 当约翰向他挑战，要跟他比击剑的时候，他感到非常尴尬，因为他自知剑术不高，不是约翰的对手。如果他接受挑战，他肯定会输；可如果不接受呢，他就是个懦夫。(challenge...to)When John challenged him to fencing, he was very embarrassed because he knew that he was no match for John at it.If he took the challenge, he would surely lose;but if he didn’t, he would be a coward.3 他昨天感冒了。我们本以为他好好睡一晚就会好起来，所以今天早上就送他去上学了。但是下午放学回家时他发起烧来，不得不卧床休息。(assume;confine to)

He caught a cold yesterday.Assuming that he would get better after a good night’s sleep, we sent him to school this morning.But later in the afternoon, he got back home with a fever and was confined to bed.4 在过去的几年里，我得了几次重病，一直在贫困状态中生活，但是我没有放弃我的梦想。无论发生什么事，我总是坚守我的梦想，而梦想对我来说也变成了极大的支持和安慰。(abandon;in spite of;cling to)

In the past few years, I have had several severe illnesses and lived in a state of poverty, but I have never abandoned my dreams.In spite of everything I clung to my dreams, which have turned out to be a great support and comfort to me.UNIT6 1 当他知道自己未能入选校队时，他哭得很伤心，毕竟他经历了几个月的艰苦训练和激烈竞争，也学会了如何熟练地准确投篮。(cry one’s heart out;go through)

He cried his heart out when he heard that he was not in the list of the school team.After all, he had gone through months of hard training and gruelling competition, and had learned how to shoot with great skill and accuracy.2 那位以严格闻名的教练从一开始就要求队员抛弃一切杂念，超越他们的极限，以确保他们能在第29届北京奥林匹兊运动会上摘得一枚奖牉。(mean for sb to do sth;from the start;push … beyond limits)The coach, who was known for his strictness, had meant from the very start for all the players to shut out all the distracting thoughts and push themselves beyond their limits to ensure that they win a medal at the 29th Olympic Games held in Beijing.3 新教练接管了球队后，时时牢记自己的使命，幵最终带领球队取得了联赛冠军。在接受采访时，教练激动得说不出话来。(take over;bear in mind;make it;at a loss for words)

Since after he took over the team, the new coach has always borne in mind his mission and finally made it to the championship of the league matches.When interviewed, the coach was at a loss for words because of excitement.4 足球是一项很奇妙的运动。虽然最后的比赛结果往往是0-0,1-0或2-1，但这丝毫不影响人们去观看比赛。对我来说，足球的魅力到底在哪里一直是个谜。(flock;remain)

Football is an amazing sport.Despite the fact that most finals are 0–0, 1–0 or 2–1, people keep flocking to see football games.For me, it remains a mystery what is so attracting about football.

第四篇：秘书英语课后答案

秘书英语课后答案（第二版）

UNIT 1

How Does One Become a Secretary?

(1)what has made you decide to apply for a position here?

(2)My responsibilities include typing, filing, and answering telephone(3)you’re looking for an executive secretary

(4)assist me in my daily routine, dealing with correspondence(5)I am more confident that I am able to handle the office routine.5.1)I am very happy that I have the chance for this personal interview.2)I had a part-time job for three months at Far East Trade Company as a personnel assistant.3)As a secretary I usually need to deal with people from other cultures.4)My plan is to become a successful secretary because I have been well trained for this.5)A secretary must team up with other coleagues for a smooth operation to maximize working efficiency.6)I want to ask about the salary and benefits in the company.UNIT 2

How Does a Secretary Work in the Office? 1)take this opportunity

2)is divided into four departments

3)Let’s deal with each one in turn

4)she’ll leave at the end of the week 5)is responsible for 1)We should go round and meet some of the staff you’ll be working with.2)Let’s start with Ling Yun.3)I’m looking forward to seeing you next week.4)Can I have a few moments of your time? 5)You’ll be spending today and tomorrow with him.6)She is leaving us at the end of the week and then you’ll take her place.UNIT 4

How Does a Secretary Receive Visitors? 1)I have an appointment with Mr.Ling Yun at 11 o’clock.2).I’ve been sitting for the last three hours 3)How do you take your coffee?

A: Good morning, sir.Can I help you? B: Yes, I would like to see Mr.Ling Yun please.A: Do you have an appointment? B: No.I’m afraid I haven’t.I’m from Wilson Motors, and I’ve come to see Mr.Ling to discuss sales of our new model.A: 请问，您的名字是…？

B: 福斯特，约翰•福斯特, 来自威尔森汽车公司。

A: 福斯特先生，请您坐一会，让我看看凌云先生有空没有。B: 谢谢。

A:（通过分机，对凌云先生说）我这里有一位威尔森汽车公司的福斯特先生想要见您。谢谢。（对福斯特先生说）凌云先生五分钟后就下来见您，福斯特先生。那边的桌子上有一些杂志，您如果愿意可以看一看。B: 谢谢您。

UNIT 5

How Does A Secretary Deal with Phone Calls? 1)Does she have any time tomorrow? 2)Would you please hold the line for a moment? 3)Mr.Ling Yun has a full schedule tomorrow.4)I’ll make a note of that.5)You can contact me any day at 734 427, extension 347.6)Mr.Ling is rather busy now and would like to know what you wish to speak to him about.7)Mr.Rollin is interested in importing Chinese textile products into the U.S.8)I’ll just check Mr.Ling Yun’s schedule, and see if I can arrange an appointment for you, just a moment.a)about the order with us

b)I’ll check Mr.Ling’s schedule

c)Would Thursday be too late

d)make an appointment for you for 9:30

e)confirm the appointment

UNIT 6

How Does a Secretary File Effectively? A: 这些文件夹是做什么用的？

B: 客户的账目。他们的名字写在文件夹的凸出边沿或者标签上，把它们编上索引，垂直地放在文件柜里。

A: 这些不同颜色的卡片表示什么？B: 颜色表示所出售的商品是什么。A: 这些是按照字母顺序整理的吗？

B: 是的。你会发现，一位既定客户的所有卡片都归在一起。除了帮助销售人员作结算单外，你还需要负责发票文件。发票和个人卡片使用同样的系统。A: 这样手续就简化多了。您怎样给发票编号呢？

B: 哦，发票的编号—通常一种商品每年的数量小于三千，所以我们用许多三千来编号。A: 我不是很明白。B: 例如，对于商品A，我们从一编号到三千，对于商品B，从三千编号到六千，等等。A: 听起来很实用。B: 是的，这可以使我们对已有的发票再进行一次参考核对。

1.The list of points about filing;2.keeping two separate files for the same customer;3.issue a list of filing instructions;4.center the title FILING INSTRUCTIONS；5.signed by the managing director.UNIT 7

How Does a Secretary Deal With Meetings？

1.I’ve been working here for three months

2.I have to take minutes for Mr.Ling Yun.3.take notes at a meeting 4.look after the office

1).Is the meeting that you have to take minutes this afternoon a big one? 2).I just make a short report.3).Could you show me a copy? 4)你必须确保你把一切都包括在内了。首先是时间，然后是地点。5).凌云先生说所有的司机都必须遵守城市汽车停车规则。6）.他说将来任何停车罚款都必须由司机本人支付。

UNIT 8

How Does a Secretary Host Visitors from Abroad? 1.)let you know your schedule

2)Are you interested

3）What about the seminar

4）we’ve got a lot of questions to ask you, 1)We’ve arranged a field tour for you to an oil refinery.2)Would that be all right for you? 3)Is there any change? 4)We’ve looking forward to the seminar.5)I guess I’ll see you soon.6)Please fill out this card.7)This hotel is considered one of the best in Beijing.8)I guess they’re all part of the basic facility construction resulting from the reform and opening up policy.UNIT 9 How Does a Secretary Deal with Speeches? 1)东方贸易公司做生意是我一生中最愉快的经历之一。2)我听说世界上最可信赖的人是中国人。

3)我已经开始后悔，因为这次访问仅仅只能谈一个合同。4)你们的经济改革带来的新机会使我感到非常振奋。

5)为我们的谈判成功，为我们的友谊长存，也为你们的伟大的改革成功，干杯！1.We’re very happy to have Mr.Jones and his party here with us tonight.2.He was among the first American businessmen who came to China right after the Ping pang Diplomacy in the mid-70s.3.As our present contract is expiring next month, we’re very pleased to have you here to work with us on a new contract.4.I firmly believe that through our mutual efforts, the new contract will further strengthen the ties between our two companies and make both of us more prosperous.5.I’d like to take this opportunity to propose a toast to the success of the negotiation, and to the prosperity of our two companies.UNIT 10 How Does a Secretary Make Arrangements for business? 1)We have worked out an itinerary for your five days in Guangzhou.2)I think we should get down to work now.3)I have no objection to your proposal at all.4)We want to take this opportunity to discuss other forms of cooperation.5)I wouldn’t dream of leaving London without seeing London Tower.6)We will exchange our respective ideas on our new contract in the conference room.1)a tentative itinerary for your visit in Beijing 2)get down to business 3)some possible new forms and methods of cooperation.4)have a day long discussion at the conference room in this hotel 5)I’m at Being, I ought to take one in

6)I wonder if you could take me to Tiananmen Square

7)a short distance from the theater to the Tiananmen Square

第五篇：大学英语课后答案

浅析社会主义法治理念

法治理念是人们对法律的功能、作用和法律实施所持有的内心信念和观念。先进的法治理念能够引领和指导国家机关、社会组织和人民群众的法律活动,是国家机关依法行使国家权力、服务人民、管理社会的行动指南,是社会组织和人民群众依法行使权利、履行义务、承担责任的思想基础和价值标准。

2005年,以胡锦涛总书记为首的党中央领导集体提出了社会主义法治理念这一意义重大、内涵丰富的政治和法律命题。在中国特色的社会主义理念下,在我们国家法制建设的过程中,建设有中国特色社会主义理论,坚持和遵循依法治国、公平正义、公正司法、司法为民等社会主义法治理念具有重要的理论和实践意义。

一、社会主义法治理念的内涵

“社会主义法治理念”是关于社会主义法治的理想、信念和观念,是社会主义法治的内在要求、精神实质和基本原则的概括和反映,是立法、执法、守法和法律监督的基本指导思想。一定的法治理念由一定的社会历史制度、法律文化和价值观所决定,一旦形成,便固化于人们的思想中,具有相当的稳定性、持久性;有什么样的法治理想、信念和观念,就会表现为什么样的立法、执法及守法行为。法治理念是灵魂,决定着法治的效果。

改革开放以来,我们党在领导全国人民进行社会主义民主法制建设的伟大实践中,积累了丰富的经验,提出了一系列正确的法治理念。我国社会主义制度是先进的社会制度,我国社会主义法治理念也一定是先进的法治理念,是真正符合广大人民群众利益和需要的法治理念。社会主义法治理念必须体现以下本质要求,必须反映和坚持社会主义先进生产力的发展要求,反映和坚持人民民主专政的国体,反映和坚持党的领导,反映和坚持马克思主义的指导地位,反映和坚持从中国国情出发的原则要求,必须反映和坚持改革创新、与时俱进。

按照这些本质要求,社会主义法治理念可以概括为“依法治国,执法为民,公平正义,服务大局,党的领导”五个方面的内容。依法治国是社会主义法治的核心内容,执法为民是社会主义法治的本质要求,公平正义是社会主义法治的价值追求,服务大局是社会主义法治的重要使命,党的领导是社会主义法治的根本保证。这五个方面相辅相成,体现了党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国的有机统一。

二、坚持贯彻社会主义法治理念的必要性

(一)时代发展的需要

当前我国处于全面建设小康社会新的发展阶段。新的发展时期,必然要对法制建设提出新的要求,政法队伍、政法工作要适应新形势的要求,就必须有一个科学、明确、符合时代需要的执法指导思想。当前我国经济社会正经历着前所未有的巨

大变革,各种经济成份不断出现,使经济实体呈现多元化,必然导致经济利益的多元化。这一时期,既是战略机遇期,也是社会矛盾尖锐化时期和社会问题多发期,地区之间的不平衡、各阶层收入差距的拉大、就业形势严峻等社会矛盾和问题不断增多,人们的思想、观念、利益也同时发生着变化,各种利益冲突不断发生,这也要求政法机关要有一个科学、正确的法治理念,在实际工作中体现出公平、正义,维护各个阶层群众的合法权益。因此,在我国政法战线坚持和贯彻社会主义法治理念教育是十分必要和非常及时的战略举措。

(二)法制建设的需要

随着我国各项改革的不断扩大和深化,司法体制的改革和调整也必将提上日程。当前我国立法体制中存在诸多问题,例如,立法的超前、快速、规模庞大、盲目立法等,使出台的法律、法规难于渗透到社会生活实际领域,难于被民众认同、消化、接受,最后变为一纸空文。目前中国的法律很难经得起理性的检验,中国的执法困境,立法有不可推卸的责任。包括司法制度、执法机制怎么改、如何改才能适应我国民主法制建设和人民当家作主的法制需求,也需要我们有一个统一明确的认识。

(三)社会稳定的需要

中国的发展、富强、崛起和进行社会主义现代化建设必须有一个稳定的社会环境。但也要清醒地认识到,目前影响社会稳定与和谐的因素还大量存在,改革和发展中一些深层次的矛盾和问题逐步暴露出来,人民内部矛盾凸显,有的甚至引发**。社会管理、经济管理中的新情况新问题也不断出现,极易滋生和诱发违法犯罪,甚至导致严重刑事犯罪高发。而担负维护稳定重任的政法机关需要进一步明确自己的使命,需要有一个正确的法治理念。

(四)执法的需要

在建设依法治国和建设社会主义和谐社会的进程中,人民群众民主法治意识日益增强,人民群众通过司法程序维护自身合法权益的要求不断提高。而我们政法队伍、检察队伍在执法中存在的执法不严格、不公正、不文明、不作为的现象,甚至执法犯法的情况也时有发生,上述行为的背后存在着不合时宜的执法观念急需纠正,混乱的执法思想需要澄清,不适应新形势的执法思想迫切需要得到改变。

面对新形势,法律工作者必须主动应对新挑战,积极适应新要求,尽快提高化解社会矛盾的能力、防范和打击违法犯罪的能力、维护国家政治稳定的能力、公正执法的能力。而要做到这些,必须用科学、先进、正确的法治理念武装政法干警头脑,也就是说,用社会主义法治理念指导政法工作。

三、践行社会主义法治理念的途径

如何使社会主义法治理念走入执法者头脑,让他们在深刻理解、共同感受、真切内化这些法律理念的基础上,引导和自律执法办案行为,应当成为政法队伍建设共同面临、必须正视和认真对待的一项重要而极有现实意义的任务。

(一)坚持依法治国

所谓依法治国,就是广大人民群众在党的领导下,依照宪法和法律规定,通过各种途径和形式管理国家事务,管理经济、文化事业,管理社会事务,保证国家各项工作都依法进行,逐步实现社会民主的制度化、法律化。实践依法治国理念对执法工作具体有以下三点基本要求:努力提高法律素养——践行依法治国理念的前提;坚持严格执法——法治的基本内涵;模范遵守法律——执法者的应尽责任。

(二)坚持执法为民

执法为民是社会主义法治的本质要求,是党“立党为公、执政为民”执政理念对政法工作的必然要求,是“一切权力属于人民”的宪法原则在政法工作中的具体体现,是政法工作始终保持正确政治方向的思想保证。

执法为民,就是按照“三个代表”重要思想的本质要求,把实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民的根本利益作为政法工作的根本出发点和落脚点,在各项政法工作中切实做到以人为本、执法公正、一心为民。正是因为执法为民理念对于政法工作的重要作用,因此,各级政法机关和广大政法干警,要在开展社会主义法治理念教育活动中,全面深刻理解执法为民内涵,始终坚持以人为本,牢固树立执法为民理念。

(三)坚持追求公平正义的理念

公平正义是自古以来人类社会共同的、不懈地向往和追求,公平正义是社会主义法治的最高价值目标追求和重要任务,维护和实现公平正义是政法工作的永恒主题和神圣职责,也是政法干警崇高而伟大的使命。只有树立公平正义的理念,才能使宪法规定的建设社会主义法治国家的任务落到实处,才能真正维护人民的利益,促进社会和谐发展。

1.合法合理。合理性是指执法中正确行使自由裁量权,所采取的措施、作出的决定合乎理性,符合案件事实、情节,防止滥用职权、显失公平。法律设定自由裁量权是使执法机关具体情况具体分析,既遵守一般要求又体现个别化,按照合理而公正的原则作出正确的选择和判断,从而更加准确地贯彻法律的意图。

2.平等对待。平等对待是法律面前人人平等原则在社会公平正义方面的具体要求,是公平正义的载体和支撑。没有平等对待,正义便成为抽象的空谈。平等对待主要包括以下内容:一是反对特权,法律上的平等对待,排除任何特权,反对给予同等条件者不同的待遇。要求在执法中坚持依法平等保护各类主体的合法权益,不分

地域、不分公私、不分贫富、不分民族出身,一律提供平等的司法保护和法律服务。二是禁止歧视,与反对特权相对,法律上的平等对待不允许对任何在社会关系中处于劣势地位的主体有歧视待遇。按照公平正义原则的要求,这些人不但不应当受到其他人的歧视,而且还应当得到社会给予他们的关怀援助。我国的法律援助制度、司法救助制度、未成年人在刑事诉讼中的特殊规定等都贯彻了这一原则。

3.实体与程序公正并重。程序公正不仅是实体公正实现的前提和保障,而且本身也具有独立的价值。在现代社会,程序法是否完备并得到严格的遵守执行,是衡量一个国家法制文明、司法公正、诉讼民主、人权保障程度的重要标志。程序公正具有以下几个方面的目的和价值:一是应当保障实体公正的实现。实体公正是一种结果的公正,而任何结果都是经过一定的过程得以实现的。程序的设计配置,首先是保证执法司法机关正确地发现案件的真实情况,全面客观地收集证据,准确地适用法律,正确地处理案件,保证实体法的实现。二是赋予当事人充分的权利并提供权利被侵犯时的救济渠道,有效地保障人权。程序公正要求以人为本,充分尊重当事人、行政相对人的人格尊严和主体地位,保障其应有的知情、参与、陈述、抗辩、申诉、获得法律帮助等各项权利,使其感受到客观、公平、充分参与、主张和意见得到充分表达,增强行政执法决定和司法决定的可接受性。三是规范执法行为,克服执法者的随意性,防止权力的滥用。任何权力都有滥用的可能,仅仅把正义实现的希望寄托于执法者良好的道德修养是不够的。只有借助制度的力量和约束,人们才能对执法的结果有一个相对稳定的预期,而程序正义的一个突出功能就是对权力可能被滥用进行限制和制约。

(四)树立服务大局思想

服务大局是社会主义法治的重要使命,是执法机关应切实履行的重大职责。牢固树立服务大局的理念,要求各级执法部门要把执法工作放到党和国家工作大局中来认识、把握和部署,立足本职,全面正确履行职责。

1.牢固树立服务大局的思想。要善于围绕大局筹划部署工作。学会从大局出发、从大局着眼,自觉地把各项工作融入到大局之中来思考、谋划和部署,把本地、本部门的工作作为保障党和国家大局的必要环节努力做好,使各项工作切实体现服务大局的要求。为此,要做到两点,一要统筹兼顾;二要善于结合实际创造性地开展工作。同时,适时地根据形势的发展变化研究工作思路,确定工作重点,调整策略方法,增添工作举措,确保在服务大局中更有作为。

2.立足本职。立足本职是服务大局的基础。执法人员要立足各自的工作岗位,结合自己的职责任务去服务大局,切实执好法、办好案、服好务,不能把大局看成是“摸不到,够不着”的目标,对服务大局无从着手。实际上,我们的日常工作与大局工作就是紧密相关的,按照岗位职责要求,认真尽职尽责做好每一项工作,办好每一件案件,就是为大局服务。本职工作做不好,服务大局就会成为一句空话。要依法做好本职工作,按照法律赋予的权限,严格依法办事,公正文明执法,热情周到服务,不失职、渎职,不滥用职权,不违法办案、执法违法,优质高效地做好岗位职责所要求的具体工作,正确有效地为大局服务,使人民群众满意,党委、政府满意。

3.正确履职。正确履职是服务大局的关键。执法部门、执法人员只有全面正确履行好各自的职责,才能正确而有效地服务大局,取得好的效果。

社会主义法治理念是建设法治国家的灵魂。正如胡锦涛同志指出的:“理念是行动的指南。我们实施依法治国的基本方略,建设社会主义法治国家,既要积极加强法制建设,又要牢固树立社会主义法治理念。”特别是在当前我国经济社会发展的关键时期,坚持贯彻社会主义法治理念,对贯彻科学发展观、构建社会主义和谐社会有着重要的战略意义。