第一篇：主语从句中的虚拟语气
一、It’s important…类
这一类型主要包括It is(was)important(necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable)that...句型。如：
It is impossible that he should go home.他不可能会回家去。
It is necessary that I should return it right now.我有必要马上把它还回去。
It is important that we should speah politely.我们说话要有礼貌，这是很重要的。It is not necessary that everyone be a scientist.没有必要使每一个人都成为科学家。It is imperative that we should practise critidsm and self-criticism.应当进行批评与自我批评。
二、It’s a pity…类
It is a pity that she should fare so badly.她竟吃得这么差，真可怜。
It’s a pity that he should be so obstinate.真遗憾他竟这样倔犟。
It was a pity that you couldn’t come.你不能来，真是太遗憾了。
It is a pity that she failed the driving examination.她没通过驾驶考试真是遗憾。
It is his desire that a medical man should stay here.他希望有一个医务人员留在这里。
三、It’s desired…类
这种主语从句还常用在It is(was)desired(suggested, settled, proposed, requested, decided, etc.)that...句型。如：
It is requested that a vote be taken.建议付诸表决。
It is settled that you leave us, then? 那么你肯定要离开我们罗?
It was proposed that this matter be considered at the next meeting.有人提议这事下次会议再讨论。
It is desired that this rule should be brought to the attention of the staff.希望这条规则引起全体职员的注意。
【特别说明】
(1)在现代英语中，有时也可不用虚拟语气而用陈述语气，但初学者宜慎用。
(2)在It is amazing(strange, surprising, astonishing, a pity, a shame)以及 I am surprised(sorry)和I regret等结构后的that 从句中有时也用should，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感，常含有“竟然”之意：
It’s strange that he should be so rude.他竟如此无礼，真是奇怪。
I’m surprised that he should have failed.他竟然失败了，这使我很吃惊。
若不用虚拟语气也可以，则不带感情 色彩，比较：
It’s a pity that he failed the exam.他考试没及格，真是遗憾。
It’s a pity that he should have failed the exam.他考试竟没及格，真是遗憾。
第二篇：002-名词性从句中的主语从句和宾语从句的用法(2018-08-02)
名词性从句中的主语从句和宾语从句的用法，今天接着跟大家分享表语从句的用法。
一、何谓“表语”？
说到表语从句，就不得不先说说什么是“表语”。
表语是英语区别于汉语所特有的一种词类，是起表述作用的句子成分： 从形式上讲，它是位于系动词之后的成分；
从含义上讲，它是用来描述主语“是什么或是怎么样”的成分。
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的。表语必须和系动词一起构成系表结构，作为句子的复合谓语。表语通常由名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、形容词化的现在分词或过去分词以及从句来充当。
二、何谓“表语从句”？
当句子的表语由从句来充当时，这个从句就叫做表语从句。表语从句一般都是位于系动词之后的。
三、表语从句的连接词
常用来引导表语从句的连接词主要有：
That whether what/who/whom/whose/which when/where/why/how及其短语
（一）that: 当that引导表语从句时，只起连接作用，不在表语从句中充当任何句子成分。如： His advice is that we should leave for Shanghai before dawn.Her plan is that she will call the police first and then try to stop the thief from running away.【注意】当名词主语是表示建议、命令、要求等含义（如advice、order、idea、notion、proposal、suggestion、request等）时，其表语从句中的谓语动词一般要采用“should+do”的形式，should可以省略。如：
The officer's order was that all the soldiers(should)never surrender to the enemy.（二）whether 当表语从句要表达“是否”的含义时，连接词要用whether。如： His question is whether they can arrive in London on time.需要注意的是，尽管if也可以表示“是否”的含义，但在表语从句中只能用whether，不能用if。
这些疑问代词如果用来连接表语从句，既起着连接作用，同时又在从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。如： My concern is what he really expects to get from us.Her question is who has broken the glass.Our dilemma is which side we should take.Their worry is whom she can rely on.His puzzle is whose money it belongs to.（四）when/where/why/how及其短语
这些疑问副词如果用来连接表语从句，既起着连接作用，同时又在从句中充当句子成分，一般作状语。如：
The question is when he will show up at the party tomorrow.He remains where I was last night.That's why he was late for school this morning.Her concern is how he managed to climb into her kitchen yesterday.【注意】当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that连接，而不是because。如：
The reason why he was late was that he missed the first morning bus.四、表语从句的特殊连接词
除了以上常见的连接词外，还有一些特殊的连接词可以用来连接表语从句。
（一）(just)as 表示“正如”，经常与表象系动词look/seem/appear搭配使用。如： She looks just as she was ten years ago.（二）as if/though 表示“好像”，也常与表象系动词look/seem/appear搭配使用。如： It looks as if/though it's going to rain soon.【注意】
这种情况下，as if/though后面的表语从句中的谓语动词一般采用虚拟语气形式，其用法是：该谓语动词的时态要采用相应的过去时态。如：
She acts as if/though she were the hostess of this house.They looked as if/though they had lived here for a long time.（三）because 前面讲到why可以用来连接表语从句，其实because也可以用来连接表语从句。如： She is very familiar with the film.This is because she has already seen the film.【注意】
在这种情况下，尽管since/for/as都可以表示原因，但这三个词不能用来连接表语从句。
一、何谓“同位语”？ 当一个名词（或其它形式）用来限定或说明另一个名词或代词时，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。
同位语与被它修饰的词在格式上要保持一致，而且同位语一般都是紧跟所修饰的词语的。同位语与所修饰的词语关系紧密时，不用逗号隔开；同位语对其所修饰的词语只作补充解释时，可用逗号隔开。如：
1)My sister Mary will visit me tomorrow morning.2)Last Saturday, I met my old friend, James Brown.第1)句中的Mary就是my sister的同位语，第2)句中的James Brown就是my old friend的同位语，指的都是同一个人。
二、同位语的分类
（一）名词或名词短语作同位语
Jack, the mayor, will attend the meeting next Friday.句中的the mayor作Jack的同位语。
Jerry, our beloved pet dog, has lived with us for eight years.句中的our beloved pet dog作Jerry的同位语。
（二）直接引语作同位语
Now let's get down to the girl's question, “Who will take over the job?” 句中引号的直接引语就作为question的同位语。
（三）句子作同位语
I don't believe the fact that she is a spy.句中的she is a spy作the fact的同位语。
三、何谓“同位语从句”？
当一个句子用来充当某个名词或代词的同位语时，这个句子就是该名词或代词的同位语从句。同位语从句主要用来对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明，被解释说明的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系。如：
The idea that we will visit Paris next week excites every one of us.句中的同位语从句we will visit Paris next week与the idea之间就是主表关系，即同位语从句和它所修饰的成分之间其实可以用系动词连接起来。如：
The idea is that we will visit Paris next week.四、同位语从句的引导词 引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that、whether、连接代词和连接副词等。
（一）that引导的同位语从句
They are very excited to hear the news that they have won the game.The fact that he stole the money yesterday shocks us all.【注意】
1、当同位语从句所修饰的名词为表建议、命令、要求等的时，同位语从句的谓语动词呀采用“should+do”的虚拟语气形式。其中，should可以省略。如 They were faced with the demand that this tax(should)be abolished.They expressed the wish that he(should)leave the country as soon as possible.2、引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。如： He picked up his luggage and gave the impression he was boarding the waiting train.句中的impression后面就省略了that。
（二）whether引导的同位语从句
当whether用来引导同位语从句时，其所修饰的名词往往是表问题或疑惑的名词。如： There is some doubt whether he will come.The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.注意：if不能引导同位语从句。
（三）连接代词引导的同位语从句
常用来引导同位语从句的连接代词有what、who、whom、whose、which等。如： I'm wondering the puzzle who has taken away my umbrella.He has no idea what time he should leave tomorrow.（四）连接副词引导的同位语从句
常用来引导同位语从句的连接副词有when、where、why、how及其-ever结构。如： She has no idea when the plane will arrive.It is a question how he managed to solve the mystery.He had no idea why she had left without saying goodbye to anyone.五、同位语从句的分隔
有时同位语从句会与其所修饰的名词分开。如：
The story goes that she has won the race many times.The rumour spread that a new governor would be appointed here.Report has it that many citizens died in the earthquake last night.The order soon came that all soldiers(should)retreat under no circumstances.由以上例句可以看出，当同位语从句与其所修饰的名词分开时，往往是因为这个名词是主句的主语，其后紧跟的是主句的谓语动词。
三、定语从句
定语从句根据从句与先行词之间的关系，可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，具体内容请点击下面蓝色的标题链接浏览：
一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法
（一）一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法
（二）一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法
（三）一、定义
用来修饰句子中的名词或代词或其短语的从句，就叫做定语从句。其实，就是拿句子来做名词、代词或是其短语的定语。如： It's a book.I bought the book yesterday.以上两句话中，都有book一词，所以可以用定语从句把两句话连起来。即： It's the book that I bought yesterday.这句话中that引导的I bought yesterday就是一个定语从句，用来修饰the book。
二、两个概念
要想学好定语从句，得先弄清楚两个基本概念，即：先行词和关系词。
（一）先行词
所谓先行词，就是指定语从句所修饰的成分。这个名称倒是挺形象的，为什么？因为先行词永远出现在定语从句的前面，总是先走一步的，呵呵！
（二）关系词 所谓关系词，就是指用来连接定语从句的词语。关系词可以分为关系代词和关系副词。需要注意的是，关系代词或关系副词都要在从句中充当成分的，所以是不可或缺的，尽管当关系代词在从句中作宾语时，经常可以省略（本文会继续讲到这个情况）。
我们在来看一下在第一节里出现的句子：
It's the book that I bought yesterday.句中的the book就是先行词，被后面的从句I bought yesterday所修饰。而that就是关系代词，用来连接I bought yesterday，同时又在从句作bought的宾语，而且可以省略。
定语从句的学习，其实就是有关根据先行词的特点选择合适的关系词的学习。
三、分类
按照定语从句与先行词的关系紧密与否，可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
（一）限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用，是不可或缺的。如：
These are the apples that/which they sent us two days ago.（二）非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句对先行词起着补充说明作用，可要可不要。非限定性定语从句都会被逗号与先行词隔开。如：
They have to walk to the South Pole, which is out of a plane's reach.【注意】
1、当先行词具有唯一性的时候，就只能采用非限定性定语从句，否则就会产生歧义或误解。如：
限定性定语从句：His wife who is now in Paris is one of my old classmates.非限定性定语从句：His wife, who is now in Paris, is one of my old classmates.因为限定性定语从句对先行词起着修饰限定作用，所以具有特指功能，所以第一句中的限定性定语从句意味着是特指他在巴黎的妻子，其潜台词就是他不只一个妻子，也许在上海或者在纽约等其他地方还有妻子。
而非限定性定语从句只对先行词起着补充说明作用，没有特指功能，所以第二句中的非限定性定语从句只是用来补充说明他的妻子现在人在巴黎这个事实。
2、that和why不能用来引导非限定性定语从句
that不能用来连接非限定性定语从句，具体的请看下一节的内容。
而why因为总是紧跟先行词reason，所以也不能用于引导非限定性定语从句。如： That's the reason why he was late for school this morning.在reason和why之间，不能插入逗号。
四、关系代词 英语里能够用来连接定语从句的关系代词主要有： that：表人或物 which：表物
who：表人（主格或宾格）whom：表人（宾格）whose：表人或物（所有格）
（一）that引导的定语从句
that引导定语从句时，其先行词既可能是人，也可能是物。如： This is the photo that I took during the trip in France.He is the man that will visit our school next week.【注意】
1、当that的先行词表物时，可以用which来替换。此外，当that在从句中作宾语时，可以省略。如： This is the photo that/which I took during the trip in France.This is the photo I took during the trip in France.句中的先行词the photo在从句I took during the trip in France中作took的宾语，所以可以省略。
2、不能用that的情况
1）当定语从句以介词开头时，一般不用that，而要用which或whom。如： This is the pet dog for which I paid five hundred pounds.She is the girl to whom I talked just now.两句话的定语从句分别以介词for和to开头，所以后面不能再用that，而要采用which和whom。
2）当先行词是that时，往往用which来替换。如： We have that which we need.此时，that which往往可以用what来替换，因此我们可以把上面的句子改为： We have what we need.3）在非限定性定语从句中。如：
错误：His aunt, that is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.正确：His aunt, who is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.3、只能用that的情况
1）当先行词为everything、all，little、much等不定代词时。如： All that glitters is not gold.2）当先行词被all、every、no、any、some、little、much、one修饰时。如： Don't waste any water that is reusable.3）当先行词被the only、the very、the same、the last修饰时。如： They are the only students that will attend the meeting.4）当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：
This is the first time that I have ever heard about a ghost.5）当先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时。如： There are five pens that will be on display tomorrow.6）当先行词有人又有物时。如：
We don't like the teacher and his lessons that are not interesting at all.7）当主句是以who或which及其-ever结构开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Whoever that breaks the law will be punished.4、多用who、不用that的情况
1）当先行词为anyone、one、ones时。如：He is the one who will teach us English.2）当先行词为those、he和people时。如：
Those who want to ask questions need to write them down first.继续分享其他关系代词的用法，即which、who、whom和whose的用法。
四、关系代词
（二）which的用法
which用来引导定语从句时，其先行词都是表物的。如：
非限定性定语从句：He sent me five books, which helped me a lot in my English exam.限定性定语从句：This is the ship which I travelled on two months ago.第一句中的which helped me a lot in my Englsh exam作为five books的非限定性定语从句，补充说明了这五本书对我英语考试的帮助。
第二句中的which I travelled on two months ago作为the ship的限定性定语从句，特指这艘轮船是我两个月前乘坐的那艘。【注意】
1、当which在从句中作宾语时，往往可以省略。比如上面的限定性定语从句中的which就可以省略，即：
This is the ship I travelled on two months ago.但是，当which前面有介词时，就不能省略。比如上面这句话就可以改为： This is the ship on which I travelled two months ago.2、as与which的区别
as和which都可以用来引导定语从句，而且可以指代整个主句。但是，两者在用法上存在一定差别。
1）两者都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。如： They love each other, as/which is natural.He doesn't like it, as/which we can see.2）as有“正如或正像”的意思，其引导的非限制性定语从句，位置可在句首、句末或句中。which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。如：
As is known to all, man cannot live without air./ Man cannot live without air, as is known to all./ Man, as is known to all, cannot live without air.It is said that he can type 200 words within one minute, which I don't believe.3）当主从句是因果关系时，一般都用which。如：
He is always complaining about everyting, which annoys everyone around him.4）如果先行词中含有such或the same时，则用as。如： He is not such a fool as he looks.This is the same book as she lost yesterday.需要注意的是：当先行词含有the same时，偶尔也用that来引导定语从句，这时与as引导的定语从句意思是不一样的。如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.（她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。）
She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.（她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。）
（三）who who主要用在当先行词表人的情况下，一般在从句中充当主语，但有时也可以作宾语，相当于whom。如：
He's the man who bought these books just now.The man who I served was wearing a hat.第一句中的who在从句中作bought的主语，而第二句中的who则作served的宾语。需要注意的是，当介词位于定语从句的句首时，就不能用who，而要用whom。如： She is the girl about whom the man talked at the meeting an hour ago.who也可以用来引导非限定性定语从句。如：
The manager, who comes from Japan, told me to help you with your project.（四）whom whom主要用在当先行词表人的情况下，在从句中充当动词或介词的宾语。如： The boy whom you met on the street just now is one of cousins.He is the man from whom you ought to ask for help.whom也可以用来引导非限定性定语从句。如：
The soldiers, some of whom come from Alaska, will be sent to Iraq next week.（五）whose whose是所有格形式，所以在引导定语从句时，后面会紧跟一个名词。其先行词既可能是人，也可能是物。如：
The boy whose father is a professor studies very hard.Are there any rooms whose windows face the sea? whose也可以用来引导非限定性定语从句。如：
I decided to write about Chaplin, whose films are still very popular among a large audience.五、关系副词
英语里常见的关系副词有when、where、why。
（一）when when用作关系副词时，先行词都是表时间的，此时when在定语从句中作时间状语。如 I will never forget the days when we spent our summer holiday in the mountainous village.此时的when相当于“介词+which”的用法。如上句可以改为：
I will never forget the days during which we spent our summer holiday in the mountainous village.【注意】
1、尽管先行词是表时间的，但有的时候也会使用关系代词来引导定语从句，此时关系代词往往在从句中充当宾语。如：
I will never forget the days that/which we spent together in the mountainous village.关系代词that/which，用作从句中的谓语动词spent的宾语。
2、when有时也会用来引导非限定性定语从句，但有时也会使用“介词+which”的结构。如： He was born in 1976, when some of China's great leaders passed away.I just can't forget my childhood days, some of which have already had their longlasting influence upon my present life.（二）where where用作关系副词时，先行词都是表地点的，此时where在定语从句中作地点状语。如： This is the house where the soldiers once took shelter from the enemies.与when的用法相似的是，此时的where相当于“介词+which”的用法。如上句可以改为： This is the house in which the soldiers once took shelter from the enemies.【注意】
1、与when的用法相似的是，尽管先行词是表地点的，但有的时候也会使用关系代词来引导定语从句，此时关系代词往往在从句中充当宾语。如： This is the house that/which we visited last year.关系代词that/which，用作从句中的谓语动词visited的宾语。
2、同样与when的用法相似的是，where有时也会用来引导非限定性定语从句。此时的where也常可以用“介词+which”的结构来替换。如：
My brother works in a faraway mountainous town, where he can always enjoy a stunning view of the beautiful mountains.句中的where就可以替换为from which，即：
My brother works in a faraway mountainous town, from which he can always enjoy a stunning view of the beautiful mountains.（三）why 与when和where不同的是，why用作关系副词引导定语从句时，其先行词一定是reason，而且只能用在限定性定语从句中，即中间不能用逗号隔开。如 That is the reason why he has left for Shanghai.【注意】在现代英语中，why也经常可以省略。如：
This is the reason I opened the window at this time of the day.六、定语从句转换为短语
有时出于结构简洁的需要，定语从句可以转化为短语结构。
不过，不是所有的定语从句都可以转化为短语结构的，一般只有当关系代词在从句中充当主语的时候才可以转化为短语。如：
定语从句1：The woman who is standing behind the counter served me just now.短语结构1：The woman standing behind the counter served me just now.定语从句2：The woman who served me just now is standing behind the counter.短语结构2：The woman serving me just now is standing behind the counter.定语从句3：The woman who has already left served me just now.短语结构3：The woman having already left served me just now.【注意】当关系代词在从句中充当主语时，也有的情况下是不能转化为短语的，一般是当从句的谓语动词中含有情态动词或will或would等助动词时。如以下两句话中的定语从句就不能转化为短语结构：
The woman who can dance is Jack's mother.The woman who will visit her is her aunt.四、状语从句
英语里总共有三大类从句，即名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。我们之前已经分享过名词性从句和定语从句的内容：
名词性从句
主要包括四类（请戳下面的标题回顾相关的具体内容）：
主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 定语从句
分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，具体可参看（请戳下面的标题回顾相关的具体内容）：
一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法
（一）一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法
（二）一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法
（三）状语从句主要包括时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、比较、方式、条件和让步九种，具体内容：
一、定义:顾名思义，状语从句就是指句子中的状语原本是由单词或短语来充当的，但当状语是由句子来充当时，这个充当状语的句子就叫状语从句。如： He left the party at eight.He left the party when it was eight.第一句中的at eight是时间状语，是由短语来充当的。
第二句中的when it was eight也是时间状语，但是由句子来充当的，这个句子就叫（时间）状语从句。
二、分类:英语里的状语总共有九种，即：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、比较、方式、让步。而英语里的状语从句也因此包括这九种，接下去我们就一一来梳理这九种从句的用法。需要注意的是，状语从句的学习其实就是有关连接这些状语从句的连接副词的学习。
三、时间状语从句: 常连接时间状语从句的连接词有：
when, while, as;before, after;as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...;till, until;since;by, by the time, by the end of。
（一）when、while和as的用法
三者都表示“当...时候”，需要注意的是：
1、当所要描述的动作或状态发生的时间是现在时间时
1）when要采用“主将从现”的原则，即：主句谓语动词采用一般将来时，从句谓语动词采用一般现在时。如：
When he comes, I will tell him the good news.需要注意的是，此时的从句谓语动词虽然采用的是一般现在时，但其实是表将来的。如上句中的he comes，他其实还没来。
此外，主句也有可能是祈使句或是含有情态动词的句子。如： When he comes, please tell him the good news.When he comes, you can tell him the good news.2）as的用法跟when差不多，但其主句谓语动词也可以使用一般现在时。如： A sudden chill of horror sweeps over her as she feels the drip of saliva upon her hand.（当她感觉到滴到她双手上的唾液时，恐怖的寒栗突然遍布了她全身。）
3）while所在的句子主从句的谓语动词一般都采用现在进行时。如：
While my mother is cooking in the kitchen, my father is working in the garden.2、当所要描述的动作或状态发生的时间是过去时间时
1）when所在的从句谓语动词一般采用一般过去时，主句谓语动词采用过去进行时或是一般过去时。如：
When he entered the room, she was playing the piano.But when I returned the door was open.需要注意的是，when也有可能表示“正在这时”。如：
I was walking in the park, when a little child bumped into me.（我正在公园里散步，这时一个小孩撞到了我怀里。）
2）as与while的用法差不多，即：as和while所在的句子的谓语动词一般用过去进行时，而另外一个句子的谓语动词则采用过去进行时或一般过去时。如： As/While the royal visitors were passing by, the crowd burst into cheers.As/While she was reading in the study, he was watching TV in the living room.（二）before和after的用法 before表示“在...之前”，after表示“在...之后”。使用时要注意要描述的动作或状态时基于现在时间还是过去时间。
1、基于现在时间
这时，其用法基本遵循时间状语从句的“主将从现原则”，即before或after所在的从句谓语动词采用一般现在时，其主句谓语动词采用一般将来时。如： Before the guests come, we will have to clean the house.After he comes, we will set out for Shanghai.2、基于过去时间
这时，before所在的从句谓语动词要采用一般过去时，其主句谓语动词要采用过去完成时，而after所在的从句谓语动词要采用过去完成时，其主句谓语动词要采用一般过去时。如：
Before it began to rain, she had already arrived home.After she had arrived home, it began to rain.（三）“一...就...”的表达
英语里常用来表“一...就...”的结构主要有：as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...。、1、as soon as as soon as既可以用在现在时间中，也可以用在过去时间中。当用在现在时间中时，遵循“主将从现”的原则；当用在过去时间中时，as soon as所在的从句谓语动词采用一般过去时，其主句谓语动词采用一般过去时或过去完成时（如果要强调主从句谓语动作的连续性很强，则采用一般过去时）。如： 现在时间：As soon as she comes to the party, we will give her a big surprise.过去时间：As soon as he got to the station, the train left/had left.2、hardly...when...和no sooner...than...这两个句型都表示“一...就...”，而且用法都差不多，即when和than所在的从句谓语动词采用一般过去时，其主句谓语动词采用过去完成时。如： He had hardly arrived at school when the class began.He had no sooner arrived at school than the class began.需要注意的是，hardly有时可以换成scarcely或rarely或barely。
3、特殊表达
英语中用来表达“一...就...”的结构还有：the moment/instant/minute/second...；immediately/instantly/directly...；at/on等。如： He came directly I called.The moment she gets off the bus, we will give her a big hug.On hearing the news, he burst into cries.（四）till和until 都表示“直到...时候”，两者一般可以相互替换，但till多用于肯定句，until多用于否定句。如：
She will stay in the office till he comes back.She won't leave the office until he comes back.需要注意的是，until常与not搭配使用，而且会用在强调句中。如： He didn't arrive until the film had already begun.It was not until the film had already begun that he arrived.（五）since 当since用来引导时间状语从句时，意思是“自从...以来”，其往往被当作是主句谓语动词要采用完成时的标志性时间状语。如：
Since he was born, he has lived here for over eighty years.Since we last met, we haven't seen each other for more than ten years.（六）by、by the time和by the end of 这组结构都表示“到...时候为止”，其主句谓语动词一般都要采用完成时。需要注意的是，这些结构后面所接的时间不同，主句谓语动词就要采用不同的完成时态。
1、后接将来时间
这时，主句谓语动词一般要采用将来完成时或将来完成进行时。如： He will have read ten books by next Friday this month.She will have been learning English for ten years by the end of this term.They will have already left by the time she comes.2、后接过去时间
这时，主句谓语动词一般要采用过去完成时。如：
They had learned English for ten years by last Saturday.The students had already left the party by the time she arrived.We had worked on the bridge for two years by the end of last month.
第三篇：定语从句中的特殊用法
定语从句中的特殊用法
定语从句是起定语作用的,修饰,说明名词,代词或句子内容的从句,被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。引导定语从句，并在句中担任成分的词叫做关系代词或关系副词。定语从句是高考常考内容之一，使用时要尤其注意以下十种特殊用法。
一、只用that不用which的情况
1、当先行词是all, little, few, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。如： Everything that happened then was like a nightmare.当时发生的一切就像是一场噩梦。
I will tell him all that you told me at the ball.我要把你在舞会上跟我说的话全都告诉他。、当先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very（恰好的,表示强调）等词修饰时。例如： 2The only thing that we could do was to wait.我们能做的只是等待。
That’s the very thing that we can do.那正是我们能做的事。
3、当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。例如：
The first place that we visited was the Great Wall.我们参观的第一个地方是长城。
This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。
4、被修饰词为数词时。例如：
Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water.Now you can see the two that are still alive.昨天我捉到了两条鱼，把它们放在一盆水里。你可以看到那两条鱼还活着呢。
5、主句是There be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that作关系代词修饰物。例句：
There’s still a room that is free.还有一个空房间。
6、先行词中同时包括人和物时。例如：
We talked about the people and the villages that we remembered.我们谈论了我们记得的人和村子。
He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.他问起他去过的这几家工厂和工人的情况。
7、当主句中有who, which时，而定语从句中也要用到who或which时，为了避免who…who, which…which等重叠，定语从句要用that引导。例如：
Who is the man that is standing by the door? 站在门边的那个男人是谁？
Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk? 你养的那两头奶牛中哪一个产奶多？
人或物在定语从句中表语时，用that引导定语从句，而that通常也可以省略。例如：
He is no longer the man that he was.他不再是过去的他。
8、二、修饰物时只用which不用that的情况
1、引导非限制性定语从句时。例如：
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.竹子是空心的，这使得他很轻。
2、当关系词前有介词时。例如：
This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.这就是毛主席曾经住过的地方。
3、在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which。例如：
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.我来给你看我从新开的图书馆里借来的那本小说。
4、当关系代词后面有插入语时。例如：
Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.这就是我跟你说过的会有助于你学好英语的那本英语语法书。
5、先行词为that时。例如：
The clock is that which can tell us the time.钟是报时的装置。
三、修饰人时只用who不用that的情况
1、先行词为one, ones, anyone, those指代人时。如：
The person I want to learn from is one who studies
hard and works well.我最羡慕的是学习勤奋，工作出色的人。
2、在There be结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用 who关系代词指代人。例如： There’s a gentleman who wants to see you.有位先生想见你。
3、当先行词有较长的后置定语时。例如：
I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.昨天下午我在公园里遇到一位中文讲得非常好的外国人。
4、一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个宜用who以避免重复。The student that was praised at yesterday’s meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard.受到校长表扬的学生是位谦虚好学的班长。
注意：当关系代词前面有介词时，只能用whom。例如：
The person to whom this letter was addressed died three years ago.这封信的收信人三年前就去世了。
way在定语从句作先行词的用法
当先行词为way时，定语从句的引导词可用in which, that或省略引导词。例如：
I don’t like the way（that /in which）he looks at me.我不喜欢他那种样子看着我。四、五、在定语从句中作状语的关系副词when, where, why的用法
1、先行词表示时间时，定语从句中的谓语动词如果是不及物动词，用关系副词when或介词+ which;如果是及物动词，用which或that都行。例如：
I still remember the days when（=on which）we lived together.我仍然记得我们在一起的时光。
2、先行词表示地点时，如果定语从句中谓语动词是不及物动词，用关系副词where或介词+which;如果是及物动词时，用which或that都可以。例如：
This is the small village where(=in which)Chairman Mao ever lived.这就是毛主席曾经居住过的小村庄。
表示原因时，why前的先行词是表示原因的名词reason。例如：
Can you tell me the reason why(=for which)you di3、dn’t finish your homework? 你能告诉我你没有完成作业的原因吗？
六、whose引导的定语从句
Whose引导定语从句时，其先行词可以指人，也可以指物，当先行词指物时，可以用the+名词+of which的结构。例如：
He studies in a school whose buildings(=the buildings of which)are built on top of a hill.他就读的学校其房子都建在山顶上。
七、as作关系代词引导的定语从句
1、引导限制性定语从句。在主句中常有the same, so或such与as相呼应, as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、主语补足语等。as引出的定语从句带有比较意义，从句常常只写出比较部分，但as本身不可省略。例如：
He used such expressions as he could find in the texts.他使用在课文中可以找到的那些词语。
They stayed for the night in the same room as they had once rented.他们在他们曾租用过的同一房间过夜。
注意：在the same…后也可用that引导定语从句，但含义有所不同。that引出的从句，指的是与先行词同一的事物，而as引导的从句指的是与先行词同类的事物。例如：
This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.这个包和我昨天丢失的包的样子是同样的。
This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢失的那个包。
2、引导非限制性定语从句。带主句的全部或部分内容。常译为“正如-------”“就像------”等，定语从句可以置于主句句首、句中或句末。as后常接expect, know, report, say, see等动词的主、被动语态。例如：
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.正如大家所知道的那样，月球每月绕着地球转一圈。
He wasn’t unconscious, as could be judged from his eyes.他并未失去知觉，这从他的眼神可以看出来。
注意：as, which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：
1）、都可以代整个主句，相当于and this或and that.2）、as可放在句首，而which不能。
3）、as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；如果为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.例如：
It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.昨天下大雨，这使得我不能去公园。
八、of短语作为定语从句的先行词的情况
one of the +复数名词这一结构后面的定语从句中的谓语动词，通常用复数形式，与定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。但如果one of the+复数名词这一结构前面带有the/only/the only之类的限定语，从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，此时从句在意义上修饰的 是the one.例如：
Tom is one of the boys who were late that morning.汤姆是那天早晨迟到的男生之一。
Tom is the(only/the only)one of the boys who was late that morning.汤姆是那天早上唯一迟到的男生。
九、that有时可用作关系副词来代替when, 引导一个定语从句，修饰表示时间的名词，如day, time, moment等。例如：
I arrived here the day that(=when)he left.我是在他离开的那天到达这儿的。
He worked hard the whole time that(=when)he lived here.他在这里的整个时间工作都很努力。
十、than和but也可用作关系代词引导定语从句
1、than用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：
You spent more money than was intended to be spent.你花的钱超过了预定的数额。（than是关系代词，在句中作主语,其先行词是money）
2、but作为关系代词引导定语从句时，一般同具有否定意义的主句连用，其先行词可以是人，也可以是物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。例如:
There was not a single student in my class but learnt a lot from him.（but=who did not）我班上每一个学生都从他那里学到了很多东西。
因此，在这种句子中，but在意义上等于“that...not”，“who...not”，“which...not”。
修饰物体时关系代词that和 which的区分 使用that的情况：
1.当先行词是nothing, something, anything, all, each等不定代词时。e.g.Do you have anything that is important to tell me? 2.当先行词被all, any, some, no, not, every, each等修饰时。
e.g.I have some books that are very good.3.当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词所修饰时。e.g.This is the first book that I bought myself.The biggest bird that I caught is this bird.4.主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时 e.g.Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting.5.当先行词在从句和主句中都作表语时,无论先行词是人还是物.China is no longer the country that she was.6.如有两个定语从句,其中一个已用which引导,另一个宜用that.Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.7.在there be句型中,只用that.He asked for the latest book(that)there is on the subject.8.当先行词被the very, the last, the next, the only 等词修饰时。e.g.This is the very book that I lost yesterday.9.当先行词又有人又有物时。
e.g.I won’t forget the things and the persons that I saw.只能使用which的情况。
1、非限制性定语从句中。
e.g.Mary has a book, which is very precious.2、在介词之后。
e.g.This is a house in which lives an old man.3、当主句中的主语被that修饰时。
e.g.That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary.
第四篇：英语三大从句中that省略情况小结
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that省略情况小结
在英语长句阅读中，我们常常会遇到连接词that省略的情况。而一旦省略，对同学们的从句识别和判定会带来一定的困难，从而影响阅读的理解和翻译。本文我们就来看一下，三种从句中连接词that省略用法的几种情况。
一、that引导定语从句,在从句中充当成分。
1.that在定语从句中作宾语时，往往可省略。如：
（1）John once talked to his mom about the cities（that）he had visited abroad.在从句中that作visit的宾语，故可以省略。
（2）The homework（that）I finished last night was left at home.在从句中that作finish的宾语，故可以省略。2.that在定语从句中作主语时，不可省略。如：
（1）The teacher that is kind to us goes back home very late every day.在从句中that作主语，故不可以省略。
（2）My old school that was located in the suburban was razed to the ground.在从句中that作主语，故不可以省略。
3.that在引导限定性定语从句时，有时相当于in which, at which, for which或on which, 并且在从句中可以省略。如：
（1）Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way(that)(in which)attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.（2）I like the music for the very reason(that)(for which)he dislike it.（3）We arrived the day(that)(on which)they left.http://www.xiexiebang.com/kaoyan/
二、that引导名词性从句时，充当连词，本身无实际意义。
1.that在引导宾语从句时，通常可省略。如：
We know(that)sound can travel through air.that引导的从句在主句中充当know的宾语，故为宾语从句，此时that可以省略。但：（1）在介词短语后的宾语从句中that常不可省略，且前面往往有个形式宾语it。如:
You may depend on it that they will support your plan.See to it that you arrive at the railway station on time.(2)两个宾语从句连用时，即使省略了第一个that，也不可省略第二个that。如：
I believe(that)you’ve done your best and that things will get better.(3)在双宾语结构中，that从句充当直接宾语或是间接宾语时，不可以省略that。如：
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.2.that引导主语从句、同位语从句及表语从句时，正规语中，通常不可省略。
（1）We heard the news that our team had won.that引导同位语从句，that不可以省略。（2）The fact is that we have lost the game.that引导表语从句，that不可以省略。
（3）That you didn’t go to the party was a pity.that引导主语从句，that不可以省略。
不过，如果it作形式主语，that从句放在句末，可以省略that。如：（4）It was a pity(that)you didn’t go to the party.三、that引导状语从句时，充当连词，有时也可省略。
http://www.xiexiebang.com/kaoyan/ 在结果状语从句中，that有时可以省略。如： The sound is so weak(that)you can’t hear it.总之，that的省略现象在英语学习中很普遍，尤其是在定语从句和宾语从句中，大家遇到这两种句型时要多加留心that是如何使用的，注意总结。另外，如果大家对that省略的情况把握不好，建议大家在写作时最好不要省略that。
第五篇：主语从句
高中英语语法之名词性从句之主语从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连词：that（无任何词意）whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, whichever,whomever 连接副词：when, where, how, why,how many,how much,how often 不可省略的连词： 1.介词后的连词
2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比较：whether与if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，只可用whether：
1.whether引导主语从句并在句首2.引导表语从句 3.whether从句作介词宾语4.从句后有“or not” Whether he will come is not clear.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.二.主语从句
1、作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：
（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that …
It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that…
2、第一部分：常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语 主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。
（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Who the watch belongs to was lost is unknown.（8）What we need is time.（9）What we need are good doctors.小结:（1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等（2)连词位于句首不能省略（3)主语从句大多数情况下视为三单,但也有例外,如例9
第二部分：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末（1）It is certain that he will win the match.（2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.（4）It is strange that he should do that.（5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting.（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.（7）It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident.（9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai)（10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.（11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.（12）It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)（13）It happened that the two cheats were there.(=The two cheats happened to be there)小结:（1)以that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it引导.It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从句.（2)在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气(should+do/should+have done)例句4,5,6,11.3、主语从句的用法
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1.It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.2.用it 作形式主语的结构
(1)It is ＋名词＋从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2)it is ＋形容词＋从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3)it ＋不及物动词＋从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
(4)it is＋过去分词＋从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实… 3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2)It is said ,(reported)…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.(3)It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
4.What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如： What you said yesterday is right.1.________ makes mistakes must correct them.A.What B.That C.Whoever D.Whatever 2.It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey.A.while B.that C.if D.for 3.When and why he came here ________ yet.A.is not known B.are not known C.has not known D.have not known 4.________ is no reason for dismissing her.A.Because she was a few minutes late B.Owing to a few minutes late C.The fact that she was a few minutes late D.Being a few minutes late 5.________ Tom liked to eat was different from ________.A.That…that you had expected B.What …that you had expected C.That…what you had expected D.What…what you had expected
6.________ we go swimming every day ________ us a lot of good.A.If...do B.That...do C.If...does D.That...does 7.It ________ Bob drives badly.A.thinks that B.is thought what C.thought that D.is thought that 8.It's uncertain ________ the experiment is worth doing.A.if B.that C.whether D.how 9.________ the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry.A.That B.What C.How D.Which 10.____ we can't get seems better than ____ we have.A.What, what B.What, that C.That, that D.That, what 11.____ you don't like him is none of my business.A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether 12..____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where 13._________is going to do the job will be decided by the Party committee.A.That B.Why C.How D.Who 14._______we'll finish translating the book depends on the time.A.When B.Why C.What D.That 15.______he won't go there is clear to all of us.A.How B.What C.Why D.This 16.______the house will be built will be discussed at tomorrow's meeting.A.If B.Where C.That D.What 17.._______you come or not is up to you.A.What B.If C.Why D.Whether 18.._______makes mistakes must correct them.A.Who B.Anyone C.Whoever D.Anybody 19.._______team will win the match is a matter of public concern.A.Which B.That C.If D.How 20..________leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A.Anyone B.The person C.Whoever D.Who
[参考答案] 1-10 CBACD DDCAA 11-20 CBDAC BDCAC
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