第一篇:PETS三级写作—句子的命题思路与解题技巧
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文章是通过篇章来表达思想和主题,但篇章的构建又需要词与句子作为它的基础材料。如果说主题思想是文的灵魂的话,那么句就是文的血管脉络了。脉络不通,文也就难成文了。作文时,考生一定要注意一下几条原则:
(一)主题句原则
一个好的主题句是文章成功的一半。不仅文章有主题,段落有纲,句也必有中心。文章失却主题,就会不知所云;落无纲,则一盘散沙,句缺中心,就无意义。所以,在立足于篇章时,一定要首先明确文的主题;在发展段落时,也要首先写好主题句。从PETS三的特点来考虑,主题句最好是置于文首或段首,这样让人一目了然!以下就是两个实用的开门见山式发展主题句的方法。
●To begin with, we must attach the greatest importance possible to this issue/fact(key word).●As is well known to all, it is now high time that we took this(topic word)into serious consideration.(二)句式变化原则
好的文章动静结合、张弛有度有节奏感。句式也是一样,要有变化性,这不仅能使文章更生动,也是语言表达方式的需要和表达能力的体现。句式的变化,主要是要注意两点:
● 不要从头至尾使用一种句型。
● 长短句结合。
由于语言功底的欠缺和惯用思维,很多人写的文章一种句式到头,如:
I think „
I hope„
He does it.He will take it
这样的文章虽然意思表达出来了,却显得呆板,欠生动。解决的办法是:
1.间或使用主从复句。
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Because he is very much determined, he will carry it out this time.(原因)
比较:He is very much determined.He will carry it out this time.2.使用分词结构句。
The weather being fine, a large number of people went sightseeing.比较:The weather is fine.A large number of people went sightseeing.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.比较:Africa is the second largest continent.Its size is about three times that of China.3.使用不定式句。
To be or not to be, that is a question.(莎士比亚)
To study or not to study, that is much different.(引申)
To do it well, you must plan it well.比较:You want to do it well.And you must plan it well.4.倒装句
Only when we fully recognize its importance can we have control of its essence.比较:After we fully recognize its importance, we can have control of its essence.No sooner had he arrived home than it began to rain.比较:He arrived home.And it began to rain.5.失衡句
whether or not he will come is still unknown to all the people present.比较:No one present knows whether he will come or not.That he has done it all by himself is known to everyone.免费?宅在家学英语?怎么报名?
比较:Everyone knows that he has done it all by himself.当然,句子并不是越长越好,也不是越复杂水平就越高。凡事皆有度。太多长句的堆砌让人觉得是买弄。有时侯,一个短小精辟的句子可以起到画龙点睛的作用。特别是在文末段尾。比如:
●As a creature, every one knows.●Actions speak louder than words.●Practice makes perfect.长短句结合,抑扬顿挫,特别是经典名言,既有说服力,又让人过目不忘!我们在这里给大家设计一个通用模式,供大家参考。
●在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短,且先长后短。
●在文章主体部分,要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式。
●文章结尾一般用一长一短。
(三)层次原则
发展句子时,还要注意层次性。英语作文讲究的是先明确主旨,再层层推进。不仅意义有主次,结构也有上下轻重。我们在作文时,也要根据主题的需要和段落的发展需要,将层次体现出来。此外,条理是否清楚也是评判的一个重要标准。以下是简单而使用句间连接词。
●first of all, above all
●firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally
●the first, the second, the third, the last
●in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly
●to begin with, then, furthermore, finally
●to start with, next, in addition, finally
●first and foremost, besides, last but not least
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●besides, in addition, what’s more, moreover
●on the one hand, on the other hand
●for one thing, for another thing
(四)短语优先句原则
写作时,尤其是在考试时,如果使用短语,有两个好处:一是其短小精悍,朗朗上口,增加文章的节奏感。二是能使观点表达更明确,更有力度。使用了短语的句子给人的感觉是一气呵成,前后贯通。同样的情况下,使用短语与不使用短语的效果是大不一样的。
●It is importance that we protect the environment.(没使用短语)
●Great importance should be attached to the protection of environment.(使用短语)
●Everything is possible when we do it.(没使用短语)
●Everything is possible when we set our mind on it.(使用短语)
可以看出,使用了短语的句子不仅意义表达完整,也更有气势。这样的词组有很多,积累要靠平时,考试要靠有心。
训练写作必须从句子的水平开始。当然,关于作文的程序,在理论界和教学界也存在着较大的争议。我们也不妨对此有个了解,因为这也是写作训练的方向和突破点。“结果法”和“过程法”是英语写作教学里两种主流方法。“结果法”类似于目标管理,只关注最后写作的“成品”(product)。而“过程法”,顾名思义,无疑注重文章产生的过程。前者认为,语言知识决定写作的质量,所以写作教学也要从培养学生的句法、词法以及衔接手段的正确使用入手(Pincas 1982)。教学重点应放在语法正确性及篇章结构的合理性上。教学的程序也应由点至面,由低到高,由词而句到段落,循序展开,依次递进,过程法的一个重要特点就是精讲多练。过程法基于认知论的理论,把写作视为一个循环式的认知过程。
关于“结果法”和“过程法”孰优孰劣的争论由来已久。但都各有其长,各有其不足之处。前者先点后面,逐步展开,有利于牢固基础。但缺点是把语言知识置于了首位,而且大部分的英语课堂教学都难以付诸这么多的时间。后者从篇章入手,以面带点,交流互动,这种体验法教学更符合认知心理学的原则。但缺陷可能是失去了准确和要领,对学生来说可能是难领精神。纯单一的教学法不符合语言教学的规律,同时也不切合中国学生的实际。比如说,“结果法”注重语言知识的基础,但耗时费力;“过程法”从一开始就立足篇章,但有可能失于要领。所以,不能简单的评判这两种方法的孰优孰劣,重要的是要结合中国学生的特点,各取所长,综合运用,才会有所突破。对于我们平时的训练来说,也要因
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人而异,因时而异。
依据图式理论,在语言的理解中,信息的接受者运用语言知识来分析,整合话语时采用自下而上(bottom-up)的加工模式,相反在运用非语言知识时采用的却是自上而下(top-down)的方式。写能的发展既是语言知识运用的过程,也是体现语言技能的过程,二者缺一不可。这反映到写作的教学中,也应该是以自下而上为特点的“结果法”和“自上而下”的“过程法”的交互运用。什么时候用“结果法”以及何时采用“过程法”则要依据教学的不同阶段、学生的层次水平及评判任务(evaluation task)而定。比如说,在教学的初级阶段,就应该以“结果法”为主,把重点置于语言的有效性和准确性上面,以句的发展为中心,使之成为线性的语言活动。即这一过程中,教师是主体,教师为学生提供从词至句到段的内容材料,也包括从方法技能到自我评判的训练。而在学习的较高阶段,宜采用“过程法”为主,因为该方法注重的是语言知识与语言技能的整体运用,学习者要在注意语言的准确性的同时,重点放在语篇的意义构建、结构构建以及话语表现构建上。这是一个师生互动的过程,具有信息交流的多向性、融合性和交互性的特点。但在更多的时候,应该是这两种方法的兼而用之。这样既有利于提升学生的知识,又培养他们的写作能力。
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第二篇:公共英语三级写作备考指南与分析 PETS考试
公共英语三级写作备考指南与分析 PETS考试
要想在写作部分获取高分,除了平时的积累外,还有一个重要的因素就是要通晓写作方法,并具备良好的临场发挥能力。这样考生才能合理地分配时间,以适当的节奏在要求的时间内完成写作。
1.考前做好充分准备
英语写作能力的培养与其他听、说、读能力的培养是相同的,是靠平时一点一滴的积累与考前一段时间的强化训练得来的,临阵磨枪写不出好文章。首先,语言基本功要过硬,要有一定相应级别的词汇量和语法知识,而且还要有一定的英语句式运用知识,如强调句、倒装句、从句、分词短语等。在考试中要尽量避免出现单词拼写、语法及语境运用错误。其次,对此类作文的写作方法也要进行一段时间的学习并掌握好。不但要掌握理论,而且要多动笔练习。最后,复习时要多读范文,再找几篇不同类型、不同题材的范文背诵。
2.合理分配考试时间
在PETS第三级考试中,笔试共l20分钟。其中,分配给写作的时间有40分钟,虽然这部分时间相当于整份笔试试卷的1/3,但要在40分钟的时间内阅读完全部的英文指示,理解图表、图形或文字的说明,然后完成内容毫不相干的两篇作文,时间是非常紧张的。这就更需要考生合理分配时间,充分利用这有限的40分钟。
考试时,考生可以大致把这40分钟的时间分为两段:一段大约为15分钟,用于A节应用文的写作;另一段大约为25分钟,用于理解B节的信息和写作。
3.打腹稿
无论是应用文还是叙述性、描述性或说明性的文章,在动手写之前,都应先整理出文章的主要脉络。由于考试时间紧张,很难有足够的时间在纸上打草稿,所以,考生只能在脑海中完成这项工作。这样做,表面上是浪费了一点时间,但实际上在动手写作的时候会节约时间。而且,只有在脑海中先有一个清晰的脉络,才能保证文章紧扣主题,较有条理。
4.控制字数
PETS第三级大纲对写作部分A、B两节的字数有着明确的规定:A节字数少于70词、B节字数少于80词的作文将被直接归入第三档;而字数过多的作文,评分人员只对规定字数内的文章作评价。所以,考生既应保证字数达到大纲的要求,又应适可而止,以免浪费宝贵的考试时间。
大纲要求A节作文的字数为100词左右,8节的字数为120词左右。在考试中,没有必要也没有时间魏作文的字数,但是又要保证符合题目的要求,这就要求考生在平时复习阶段就学会控制字数,养成良好的习惯。平时,考生可以注意一下自己在16开的纸上写满一行大概有多少词。在考试的时候,只要发现已经大致达到题目所规定的字数,就要及时刹车。
5.保持卷面整洁
大纲中的评分标准明确指出:如书写较差,以至影响交际,将分数降低一个档次。所以考生一定要保证卷面整洁,避免因为卷面污浊而造成文章的档次降低。这也是要求打腹稿的原因之一。
6.写完后检查
最后,在写作完成后,还需要从头到尾再将文章审读一遍。这样能找出在写作过程中发现不了的一些问题,如单词拼写错误、词组搭配错误和句子语法结构错误等。同时,还需要注意自己的文章能否使目标读者理解,是否准确地表达出了自己想要表达的内容。
第三篇:高中历史选择题命题特点与解题技巧
高中历史选择题命题特点与解题技巧
伴随着新课改的逐步推行,全国高考无论是在内容上还是在形式上,都发生了一些变化。新颖的考查方式,更加注重对于考生解题能力的考查,所谓“知己知彼,百战不殆”,只有对于题目的命题特点有了进一步的了解,才能在解题时做到心中有数,有针对性,提高解题的正确率。
高中历史选择题的命题特点。
一、知识与能力相结合。新课改虽然注重了对学生解题能力的考查,但其根本的要求是不变的,那就是对于知识的掌握。只有拥有了一定的知识量后,才能凭借所掌握的知识而生发出解题的能力。因此,对于许多同学来说,认真识读课本,背记基础知识依然是提高解题正确率的必由之路。
二、宏大知识背景背景下的细化考查。由于选择题题目长度的限制,出题者往往借此而考查学生的知识转化与迁移能力,在一个大时代、较稳定的环境背景下,寻找到一个小开口,甚至非常理的知识点来出题。若考生对特定历史时期的特征、对出题者的意图把握不准的话,就极有可能被题目所迷惑,选择了错误的答案。
三、文史资料及图像的引用。纵观历年高考真题或是市面上的任何一种考卷,我们不难发现,引用古代文史资料及图像是十分普遍的。这是因为从古代文史资料及图像中,可以由小见大,由点及面的了解到引用的作品所处的历史时期-1-的特征,又在此特定的历史背景下,对学生进行考查,同时也检验到了学生的文言知识及读图能力。
四、注重对中国传统文化知识的考查。所谓文史不分家,在历史中考查文化知识是名正言顺的。中国文化源远流长,博大精深,可以为出题者提供巨大的出题空间,从经史子集,到农历节气,这些知识看似不在同学们的日常学习之列,实则却是出题者的一大法宝,应引起同学们的注意。
五、试题答案更加客观。与教材相比而言,选择题答案更加符合事实,敢于直面历史,直面人性的缺点,全面客观的来对历史人物、事件进行阐述。这对于一些习惯于教材式的“形势一片大好”的大和谐的同学来说,是应该加强注意的。
了解选择题的命题特点,是为了更好地把握解题技巧,提高解题的正确率。马克思主义指出,规律是客观存在的,在选择题解题过程中,同样是存在着一定的规律的。通过学习这些规律(基本方法),有利于提高我们做选择题的质量和效率。
高中历史选择题的解题技巧。
一、明确基本史实。考生应详细识记教材知识,以教材为主,教辅资料为辅,通过总结、回想、对比、阅读、抄写等方式来加强记忆,逐渐消除模糊记忆,增加识记知识的数量和准确度。
二、认清历史细节。细节往往是容易被人们所忽视的,尤其是在整个的历史过程中,小细节影响大历史的情况更是不胜枚举,而这些细节在教材中或许并不是教师授课的重点,却又往往出现在试题之中。这就要求考生们要提高对历史小细节的重视程度,提高知识掌握的完整性。
三、把握时代特征。历史上的每一个时代,都有其区别于其他时代的显著特征,从政治、经济、文化等方面正确把握住各个时期的特征,解题时首先判断出历史时期,再以时代特征作为指导,就可以起到事半功倍的作用了。
四、总结专题知识。科学研究表明,性质相似的事物,通过对比,可以增强记忆。历史专题知识的总结恰如其分的表明了这一点。如果把把握时代特征作为横向理解知识来说的话,那么总结专题就是从纵向上来对知识进行理解,在历史学习中,诸如医学、天文、农学、历法等知识,不仅知识点细,而且分布较散乱,但若以专题的形式来进行总结记忆的话,则可以极大的促进对知识的理解记忆。
五、细化边缘知识。多学科交叉考查是新课改的特色之一,历史与文学、历史与地理等多学科交叉也是近年来高考历史选择题的出题趋势。针对这种情况,考生在学习、复习中,应把学科交叉作为特殊的知识点来对待,必须十分重视,在平时遇到这一类知识时,最好将此类知识总结在一起,以便于复习。
6、运用全球史观、唯物史观。当今世界已然成为了一个相互联系的整体,世界的发展变化影响到了我们生活当中的方方面面,试题都是对我们的当下有所思考的。运用全球史观,以深远、广博的视角来看待历史人物、事件,亦是出题人的意图所在。与此同时,我们要坚持用运用唯物主义,学哲学,用哲学,用发展的眼光来看待历史。
在中学历史学习中,考试的地位是显得十分重要的,但历史本身是更加迷人的。希望同学们能通过对历史的学习,丰富心智,成长心灵。
同学们,为了更好的明天而努力拼搏吧!
第四篇:PETS信件写作解题方法与技巧
PETS信件写作解题方法与技巧 PETS考试
英语等级考试三级考试常考的信件有:邀请信, 应征信,求职信, 感谢信, 致歉信, 道贺信, 投诉信, 询问信, 推荐信
(一)英文书信的组成英文书信通常有包括以下几部分:
1.信头(Heading): 指写信人的地址和写信日期
信头的目的是使收信人知道书信来自何处,何时发出。信头一般位于信函的右上角,包括发信人的地址和写信日期。
信头的地址的写法要注意英文和中文的不同,英文应遵循“先小后大”的原则,第一行写门牌号和街道的名称,第二行写区、市名、省名、国家名。国家名之前加上邮政编码。门牌名与街道名之间不用逗号隔开。最后一行写上发信日期。日期一般有以下几种写法:
12th Sept, 2006 12 Sept, 2006 Sept.12th, 2006
如,Mr.Zhang Peng
Department of Foreign Language
Jiangxi Teachers’ College
Nanchang, Jiangxi Prov., 330241
P.R.C.Sept.12, 2006
2.信内地址(Inside Name & Address): 指收信人的姓名和地址
信内地址一般位于信函的左上角,位于信纸的左边顶格,低于信头一两行写起。
3.称呼(Salutation): 对收信人的称呼用语
称呼是写信人对收信人表示尊敬的敬称。称呼从信纸的左端顶格写起,比信内姓名和地址低一行。称呼有多种,视写信人和收信人的关系而定。每个开头字母用大写,结尾用逗号不用冒号。
对男士的称呼,多用Mr., 对女士的称呼,多用Mrs., Madam, Miss或Ms.,但是需要注意的是,这些称呼用在姓氏前或姓氏和名字前,但是不能使用在名字的前面。
4.正文(Body):
5.结束语(Complementary Close): 写信人对收信人的谦称
结束语从信纸的中间或稍右的地方写起,位于正文下面空两三行处。不同关系使用不同的结束语。对于不熟悉的人或团体:Yours truly, Truly yours, Yours faithfully, Faithfully yours
对于上级和长者:Yours respectfully, Respectfully yours, Yours gratefully, Gratefully yours对于朋友和亲属:Yours, Your loving daughter, Your devoted friend
6.签名(Signature):
7.附件(Enclosure):
(二)信件开头结尾常用语:
1.信件开头常用语
I am writing to you to ask about the meeting to be held next month.I have received your letter on Feb.2nd 1998.Thank you very much for the position you are offering.It’s a long time that we haven’t seen each other.I’m writing to introduce to you one of my good friends, Mr.Smith.2.信件文中常用语Your presence on this occasion would be our greatest honour.3.信件结尾常用语With many thanks.Wish you the best of health and success.Your early reply will be highly appreciated.Expecting to hear from as soon as possible.Looking forward to the pleasure of meeting you.Regretting the inconvenience caused to you.Thanks once more.Many thanks for your kindness.Thanks a lot and best wishes for you.We sincerely hope that you’ll accept our apology and keep in contact with us.We look forward to receiving your confirmation by letter or e-mail.2
第五篇:22个雅思考试命题写作思路(雅思考试辅导班内部资料)
青年人雅思考试网http:///waiyu/yasi/
22个雅思命题写作思路
1.Smoking
For:(means agree or advantages)
1.it is pleasurable and relaxing
2.it is one's right
3.it is difficult to stop smoking
6.it makes socializing easier
7.it is an important source of tax revenue
Against:(means disagree or disadvantages)
1.it is harmful to one's health(e.g., heart disease, bronchial
trouble, lung cancer)
2.it is harmful to those nearby
4.it is addictive(i.e., nicotine)
2.School Uniforms
1.they eliminate class differences
2.they allow students to better concentrate on their studies
3.they are popular with parents and administrators
4.they are inexpensive
5.they are attractive and neat
6.they eliminate the need to choose what to wear every day
7.many countries have them
1.they are disliked by students(students like to primp)
2.they create a military mentality
3.they are an infringement on our freedom(different strokes for different folks)
4.they are ugly and childish
3.Legalized Gambling
1.it is a source of government revenue
2.it is an old practice dating back thousands of years
3.it is pleasurable(e.g., horse racing, casinos)
4.many people play poker and mahjong
1.it can become addictive
2.it can destroy happy families
3.it can lead to suicide
4.it is easily controlled by the Mafia(e.g., bookmakers)
4.City Life
1.it is exciting
2.it offers the best schools, hospitals, and stores
3.it offers many entertainments(e.g., swimming pools, bowling
alleys, and sports stadiums)
4.it offers many chances of employment
5.cities have an efficient public transportation system
1.it is unhealthy(e.g., water and air pollution in industry)
2.it is not a good environment for children
3.it is noisy and dangerous
4.it makes people nervous
5.cities are overcrowded and expensive
5.Informing Patients Of Cancer
1.patient’s right to know
2.it is wrong to hide the truth
3.it gives the patient a chance to plan his last days
4.doctors must do it(in some country like the U.S.)
1.it is heartless and cruel
2.it may make the patient give up
3.it causes depression
4.it can lead to suicide
6.Social Security
1.the state should help the poor, aged, unemployed, and sick
2.the state should provide good health care for its citizens
3.there will always be social misfits that need help
4.all religions focus on charity
5.all advanced countries have some form of social security
1.it costs too much
2.it encourages laziness and destroys the work ethic
3.people should look after themselves
4.it results in heavy taxes
7.Coeducation
1.it is natural(i.e., adult society is not segregated)
2.it gives men and women a chance to better understand one another
3.it gives men and women a chance to compete with one another
4.it has many practical advantages(e.g., school plays, music groups)
1.women do better academically in their own colleges
2.women are in college to get an education, not a husband
3.it is still rare in some countries
4.it robs women of their self-confidence
8.Corporal Punishment
1.children are not adults
2.children respect discipline
3.it is a form of training
4.it builds real character
5.it works to control juvenile delinquency
1.it is not a civilized way
2.love is better than physical punishment
3.it can cause psychological problems
4.there is the saying : Violence begets violence
9.Organ Transplants
1.they prolong life
2.they are supported by the medical profession
3.critically ill people want transplants in order to live
1.they are too expensive
2.they are unnatural as seen by the body' s rejection
3.they are often unsuccessful
10.Civil Disobedience(文明抵制)
1.no one is above the law
2.it can quickly destroy law and order
3.it leads to chaos of society
4.it leads to contempt for all laws
11.Abortion
1.it is murder(infanticide)
2.it is an unnatural practice
3.a fetus is a human being--unborn but viable
4.the rights of a fetus must be protected
5.it causes many women to have guilt feelings
12.Equality Of the Sexes
1.both men and women have equal human rights
2.most companies have adopted equal pay for equal work
3.there are no skills women cannot master
4.women are superior to men in some fields
13.Foreign Aid
1.it is humanism
2.the rich should help the poor
3.all religions teach charity
4.it promotes national security
14.Divorce
1.it is the logical solution to a bad marriage
2.it allows both persons to seek happiness in a second marriage
3.remarriage is a right
4.children are better off living with one parent than with both in an unhappy environment
15.Compulsory Military Service
1.it aims to strengthen national defense
2.it teaches young men discipline
3.it builds character and physical fitness
4.it teaches valuable skills
5.it nurtures a spirit of comradeship an equality
6.it offers opportunities for overseas travel
7.it exists in many countries(e.g., Switzerland, Singapore)
8.it reduces unemployment
9.it instills a sense of patriotism
1.it is unnecessary in view of today' s professional armies
2.it is a step away from peace
3.it is useless in today’s peace world
4.today' s armies do not need unskilled manpower
16.Voluntary Euthanasia
1.it is a basic right-the right to die
2.it allows one to die with dignity
3.it allows one to choose the time and place of death
4.it is painless
5.it is the solution to a terminal illness with suffering
1.it is murder or suicide
2.it is illegal in most countries
3.most doctors oppose it
17.Capital Punishment(死刑)
1.it frightens would-be criminals(acts as a deterrent)
2.it serves as a just reward for killers
3.it lowers crime rates
4.it is more economical than a life sentence(saves the statemoney)
18.Trade Protectionism
1.it invites retaliation
2.it invites reciprocity based on a quid pro quo basis
3.it hurts poor, underdeveloped countries
4.it leads to trade wars
5.it costs taxpayers large sums of money
19.Nuclear Power
1.it provides huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel
2.the world' s supply of oil will be exhausted in 90 years
3.it could supply all the world' s electricity for millions ofyears if fully developed
4.nuclear power plants create less air pollution than fossil-fuelpower plants
20.Library: Computer V.S.Books
Computer:
1)Efficiency
2)Large storage capacity
3)Multimedia attraction
5)Sharing information
6)Network or Internet
7)Rapid updating
Books:
1)Traditional medium
2)Easy to carry
3)Conveniently read
4)index of academic environment
1)Not durable
2)Low rate of updating
3)Can't be shared by any peopleUniversity: library V.S.Physical training facilities
Library:
1)Major goal to impart knowledge to students
2)Index of academic environment
3)Attract more excellent professors
Physical Training:
1)Help to improve one's health which is basis of study
2)Students learn to be cooperative
3)Provide relaxation
4)May produce good athletes