英语政治演讲的语言特点和翻译方法

第一篇：英语政治演讲的语言特点和翻译方法

N 学科分类号

050201

题 目

英语政治演讲的语言特点和翻译方法

二○一 年 月

DECLARATION

I, ?/??, the undersigned, hereby declare that this essay does not contain any material which has been accepted for the award of any other higher degree or graduate diploma in any tertiary institution and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, this essay does not contain any material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in the text of the essay.Signed:

Dated:

CONTENTS

Abstract in English….....................……………………………………………….........................1 Abstract in Chinese....................................................................................................2Ⅰ.Introduction…...................................................................................................................3 1.1 Research Background………………………………………………………………..…....3 1.2 Research Purpose………………………………………………………………..…….…..3 1.3 Research Significance………………………………...…………………………………...3 Ⅱ.Theoretical Frameworks……………………………………………………………………...4

2.1 The Definition of Phatic Communion…………………………………………………….4

2.2 The Origin of Phatic Communion…………………………………………………..…… 4 Ⅲ.Differences between Chinese and English Phatic Communion……………………….………5 3.1 Different Backgrounds of Different Phatic Communion between Chinese and Western Cultures…………..………………………………………………………………..………5 3.2 Chinese and Western Thinking in Different Ways on the Different Causes by the Traditional Greetings……….…………………………………………………………..…7 3.3 Different Communicative Habits due to Differences in Greetings between China and America……………………………………………………………………….……..…....8 Ⅳ.Conclusion......………………......…………………..........……………..………….....…..…10 Bibliography...................................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………….….......12

I 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

Abstract

In the 21st century, with the advance of human society and the progress of technology, the international communication between China and other countries has become more frequent than before.Owing to rapid development of information technology and globalization, people are not merely satisfied with knowing what happened in their own national political circle.Political speeches, especially English political speeches, as the major media to spread political thoughts and report political events, are capable of making people know more about international politics.Due to linguistic and cultural limitations, however, Chinese audiences or readers cannot understand political speeches in foreign language very well.Thus, the Chinese translation of English political speech is attached great significance.Under the current background of fast-paced lifestyle, the conciseness and the generality of English political speeches allow readers to acquire more political information within the precious time.The appropriate translated version of English political speech will determine whether the original political speeches can draw readers’ attention or not.Therefore, the translation of English political speeches is becoming especially important..Keywords: English political speech;linguistic features;comparison between English political speeches and Chinese political speeches;translation strategies 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

摘 要

进入21世纪以来，人类社会不断进步，科技发展日新月异，尤其是国际间的交流日益频繁。资讯科技和全球化的迅速发展使得人们不单单满足于了解本国政界所发生的事情。政治演讲，尤其是英语政治演讲，作为一种表达政治思想和报道政治事件的主要传播媒介，能使人们知道更多世界上的政治问题。

然而由于语言和文化的局限，中国观众或读者并不能很好地读懂外语政治演讲。因此，英语政治演讲的汉译在促进国际交流方面便起到了极为关键的作用。

在当今快节奏生活的大背景下，英语政治演讲的简练性和概括性能够让读者在宝贵时间内获得更多政治信息！对英语政治演讲进行适当的汉译也决定了能否吸引中国读者。所以英语政治演讲的翻译也就尤为重要。

关键词：英语政治演讲的语言特点;中文政治演讲与英语政治演讲的比较;翻译策略贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

Ⅰ.Introduction 1.1 Definitions of Political Speech Political speech is a crucial type of public speaking.It is specific for the manifestation of the standpoint and proposition in the field of domestic political affairs and diplomatic relationships.Namely, the speeches are made by politicians or delegates of some organizations or authorities who intend to convey some political propositions and viewpoints.The remarkable political speech like I have a dream, made by Martin Luther King.1.2 Characteristics of English Political Speech Generally speaking, there are totally three characteristics of political speech.It will be beneficial for us to comprehend political speech by mastering their characteristics.1.2.1 Political Topics

This type of speech refers to some vital politic issues which relate to nation, party, reform, peace and progress.Speakers should clearly express their political inclination, declare their political opinions, and try every effort to control the general direction of historical development.1.2.2 Motivational Contents

This type of speech has certain politic purpose that makes audience acquaint with the administrative program or politic standpoints.Then, the speaker could gain the understanding and support of audiences, which is the most basic purpose of speech.Therefore, this type of speech has the feature of motivational contents and emotional persuasion.1.2.3 Precise Logics The inspiring political speech needs to demonstrate the unimpeachable logicality in the process of raising, analyzing and solving the political problem.Only in the logical way can make the political speech more reasonable and acceptable to audiences.1.3 Functions and Use of Political Speech Firstly, politicians make a political speech to clarify their political ideas, policies as well as targets of their administration.Accordingly, they may gain the understanding and support of the voters and the populace.This kind of speech is usually conveyed to the public by media in political rallies, campaign sites on some special memorial days.Secondly, political speech must express certain standpoints so that it could catch people’s attention and increase the relevant party’s support rate.Finally, delivering political speech can make politicians’ views come true, increase their political awareness as well.贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

Ⅱ.The linguistic Features of English Political Speech

2.1 Rhetoric Features of English Political Speech Rhetoric is originated from the fourth century B.C, and it just referred to oral presentation skills at that time, which people used to say ―argumentation‖.In Rhetoric, Aristotle ever defined rhetoric as a function of persuasion that could be found in any question(Roberts,1924:281-286).At the end of 17th century, Jone Locke, an English philosopher called rhetoric as ―oratory‖, which is a kind of art that can express decency, grace and power(Huang, 1996:2).2.1.1 The Usage of Parallelism Parallelism is one rhetoric method that is the most useful linguistic form to achieve the purpose of emphasis.In other words, it is the most suitable rhetoric method for English political speech.This form may gather sentences or parts of speech such as nouns, adjectives and verbs.The usage of parallelism makes people feel more exciting through the strong sense of linguistic rhythm.What’s more, it also could make speech more concise and make sentence structures more balanced.For example, Marin Luther King used ―Now is the time to… ”four times in his speech to emphasize that it’s time for black people to wake up and conduct revolution, it’s time for American government to fulfill its promise, to abolish race segregation as well as to require equality and freedom.The paralleled sentences successfully enhance the momentum of language, stress things and create a strong sense of pictures.2.1.2 The Usage of Repetition Speakers use repetition with the purpose of emphasizing a certain meaning or highlighting a certain emotion, which could draw the readers’ or listeners’ attention by repeating key words and key concepts so that they could have a profound impression.For example, you could see the repetition of the topic sentence in Hillary Clinton’s campaign speech.The usage of repetition could make the whole speech more cohesive and coherent.What’s more, it is useful for listeners to remember the aim of the rally, speak out our common people’s desires: everyone has the right of democracy, freedom and equality.2.1.3 The Usage of Alliteration The major rhetoric in phonological speech is alliteration and sound symbolism.Alliteration is the repetition of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals in order to strengthen the rhythm of 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

speech.In fact, delivering a speech is equal to saying something, thus it’s necessary to place emphasis on rhyme so that the speech could be catchy.It is rhyme that endows the whole speech with strong tempos, sonorous tones and inspirations.For example, ―we should not demean our democracy with the politics of distraction, denial and despair.‖ This sentence is addressed by AL Gore, the vice president of the US, there are five words with the same letter ―d‖.These alliterated words strengthen the rhyme, mood as well as connotation of the sentence, which form phonetical alignment.2.1.4 The Application of Simile In order to achieve common sense, English political speeches have to pay attention to the structure of sentences.There are a variety of sentence structures and figures of speech.Among them, simile and metaphor are often used in English political speeches, politicians often use them to make the speech more lively and understandable.Therefore, the speech will be accepted more easily.For example, in order to show his negative judgments toward racial segregation and discrimination, Martin Luther King use ―a bad check‖ and ―insufficient funds‖ to symbolize the delay of keeping a promise, ― a lonely island‖ and ―dark and desolate valley‖ to symbolize racial segregation and discrimination, ―sweltering summer‖ to symbolize the speaker’s dissatisfaction and negative judgement of racial segregation and racial discrimination.On the other hand, the speaker compared racial justice to ―the sunlit path‖.He also compared equality to ―an invigorating autumn,‖ thus to show his strong longing for democracy, freedom and equality.To sum up, application of simile can connect abstract theories with concrete things that people are familiar with, and make common things become vivid and impressive to receivers.2.2 Religious Elements

There are many religious factors in English political speeches, which are foreign culture’s reflection in communication.Religion is an inseparable part of western culture.In their inauguration speeches, presidents often hope to make their speeches more attractive and persuasive with the help of God’s power.That is the reason why there are lots of religious elements in English political speeches.Barack Obama quoted directly from Bible many times in his inaugural speech to make his words more convincible.By arousing people’s sympathy with some religious beliefs, Obama’s speech may encourage people to gain confidence about the new government in the matter of tackling the crisis and reconstructing a bright future.For example, he says: ― We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

to set aside childish things.The God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.‖ 2.3 Sentence Structures

Different from dialogues, advertisements and news reports, the English political speeches have special requirements on the sentence structures.Rather than interrogative sentences, declarative sentences are often used in a political speech.Because a question will weaken the speech’s seriousness and firmness, thus making the whole speech less persuading.There are seldom interrogative sentences in Obama’s speech.Apart from declarative sentences, imperative sentences are also found in an English political speech.This kind of sentence structure is usually started by ― let us‖ whose function is to activate the listeners and to call on their actions according to the speaker’s will.For instance, ― Let us remember these timeless words.With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come,‖ which is selected from Clinton’s inaugural speech.Ⅲ.The comparison between English political speeches and Chinese political speeches

The classic examples of western governments’ political speeches are Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, Churchill’s Impromptu Speech in the United States for Christmas, Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream, Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address and so on.Chinese political speeches’ models are Premier Chou Enlai’s Toast at the Banquet in Honor President Nixon, Deng Xiaoping’s Policy Speech, Premier Wen Jiabao’s Speech at Copenhagen Climate Conference and so on.Chinese and Western rational political speeches have some specific differences in context.At the same time, each of them stresses on different aspects, which reflect on following two facets: On one hand, the first aspect is embodied in the speech content.Chinese speeches give priority to the ―meaning‖, while western speeches are accustomed to emphasizing on the ―scene‖.For instance, Chinese President Hu Jintao attended the 2008 Opening Ceremony of Boao Forum for Asia(BFA)Annual Conference and delivered a speech Adhere to Reform and Opening-up and Promote Win-win Cooperation.He first pointed out that ―Since the establishment of Boao Forum, it has played a significant part in promoting mutual 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

understanding and friendship among the people of the world in Asia and advancing the communication and cooperation between Asian countries and business community‖.(Hu, 2008)President Hu started his speech from the existing meaning of FBA, possessing the typical Chinese speech style.However, US President Barack Obama started his speech from the second sentence of the Inaugural Address with the real scene ―It is the answer that told by the voters who stretches around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen, by people who waited three hours and four hours.This is the first time in life in vote for many of them, because they believed that time must be different, that their voices could make this time different as well‖.The inaugural address has a typical western speech style.These two distinctive speech styles are characterized by national history, traditional government speech and other factors.―Meaning first‖ manifests the dignity of our Chinese nation, and ―scene(case)first‖ shows the charm of speech.Each has its own merits.On the other hand, the second aspect occurs in the orator’s personal style.Chinese political speeches are specialized in ―teaching within words, while western speeches lie in ―lively and realistic expression‖.Chinese political speeches place value upon ―selflessness‖，while western celebration speeches attach importance to ―individualism‖.Chinese political speeches tend to have the profound implication of summary, with a little government officials’ individual language.It’s hard to find the shadow of ―me‖.However, western politicians deliver a speech with the thought of ―I ‖ everytime and everywhere.‖

Affected by the deep–rooted traditional thoughts, Chinese politicians highlight the overall achievement and developing direction when they deliver speeches, rarely mention individuality.On the

contrary，western

politicians

frequently

intersperse

with citizens’ individual scenes, life, opinion, attitudes, etc, striving to make the serious speech full of emotional or perceptual color.Ⅳ.Translation Methods of English Political Speech 4.1 Translation Introduction of English Political Speech English political speech translation is not only a conversation between two languages, but also a communication between cultures.4.2 Translation Standard of English Political Speech 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

At first, there are great differences between Chinese and English.English emphases on hypotaxis and pays more attention to the completeness of grammatical form, logical form and rigorous sentence structures.Chinese lays emphasis on parataxis and hightlights the symmetry of vocabulary and sentence pattern.Consequently, appropriate translation of English political speeches should cater to the expression of target language as conveying information.At the same time, English political speeches should convey speaker’s passion and wisdom to infect the target readers and listeners and make them accept contents easily.Sometimes, it is difficult for target readers to understand when original speech contents are directly translated into target language.Under such circumstances, communicative translation method is recommended, which can be easier to accept for readers and increase the readability of target text through adding notes or paraphrases to original language.4.3 Translation Methods and Application of English Political Speech 4.3.1 Paraphrase

Paraphrase is one of the proper translation methods that could make target readers comprehend an English political speech more directly and explicitly, namely, translators could use target language to explain the meaning of original text.Paraphrase is a kind of explanation translation method.It needs to precisely translate the original words with cultural background information and reflect its connotative significance in the target language, so that target readers may understand the target text better.(1)Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been just a collection of individuals or a collection of red states and blue states.(Obama,2008)这些美国人像世界表明，我们从来都不仅仅是个体的集合，或是共和党与民主党的集合。

The ―red states‖ and ―blue States‖ refer to the number of vote distribution tendency of elections in the United States.The blue states represent the voters who tend to support the Democratic Party.While the red states represent the voters who support the Republican Party.Translating ―red‖ and ―blue‖ into the red color and the blue color directly is not easy for target readers to understand.Therefore, we translate then into the Republican Party and the Democratic Party by paraphrase method.(2)Let US remember that，if this financial crisis taught US anything，it’s that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.(Obama,2008)贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

让我们铭记。如果说这场金融危机有什么教训的话，那就是，当普通民众的生活受到重创，华尔街也不可能维持繁荣。

Here the original meaning of ―Main Street‖ refers to the avenue of American town, while it actually means the common people who believe in traditional American values.This example fully shows the usage of paraphrase in English political speech.4.3.2 Borrowing Borrowing is a translation method that the translated version should be in accordance with the foreign words’ morphological structure and word formation principle, namely, borrowing Chinese to elaborate words or expressions in original English text.For example, the translator may use Chinese four-character idioms and common sayings to translate original English language.You feel invisible when your medical insurance disappears and college is out of reach．

如果你的医疗保险人间蒸发，大学学费令你望而却步，你肯定会有被遗弃的感觉。

Translating ―disappear‖ and ―out of reach‖ into ―人间蒸发‖ and ―望而却步‖ can not only express the original meaning, but also meet the expression habit of target language.Borrowing four-character makes speech content clear and straightforward.(2)Yes，we must provide more ladders to success for young men who fall into lives of crime and despair．(Obama, 2008:3)的确，对于那些误入歧途、陷于绝望的失足青年，我们必须提供更多的帮助使他们走向成功。

The ―fall into lives of crime‖ and ―despair‖ are translated into “误入歧途” and “陷入绝望” in this sentence.Since Chinese expression and English statement are very similar in meaning, such translation method of borrowing makes the translation more authentic and achieves the effect of conveying information.4.3.3 Omission Omission refers to omit some conjunctions and prepositions to make translated versions sound smooth and succinct.First of all, English sentences connected by using conjunctions to express the logical relationship between sentences, while Chinese can show connections between sentences without using conjunctions.Therefore, parataxis-prominent Chinese may 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

omit the conjunctions as long as the meaning can be maintained obviously.Secondly, Chinese rarely use prepositions.Thus omission of the prepositions can make the target text meet the expression habit of Chinese.(1)This has always been your campaign and this is your victory，because your support has meant the difference between winning and losing．

这一直是属于你们的竞选，这也是属于你们的胜利，正是你们的支持决定了胜利。

―And‖ ―because‖ and ―between‖ can be omitted in this sentence, which makes the target text become natural rather than stiff and accord with the expression habit of target language.(2)But I can assure you，as I have said on many occasions that no matter what happens，I will work for the nominee of the Democratic Party，because we must win in November．

我已多次承诺，现在还要再次承诺，无论发生什么，我会继续奋斗，力争成为民主党总统候选人。我们必须赢得十一月大选。

Omitting the ―but‖, ―as‖ and ―because‖ is more suitable for the Chinese expression.The sentence can also be more reasonable and coherent.4.3.4 Amplification Amplification means supplying relevant information in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original text.There can be further supplements of the hidden information so that the translation text could elaborate the original meaning.And it is that promise that forty five years ago today，brought Americans from every corner of this land to stand together on a Mall in Washington，before Lincoln’s Memorial，and hear a young preacher from Georgla speak of his dream.（Martin Luther King ,2007:5）

正是因为这一承诺，在四十五年前的今天，从这片土地的各个角落，美国人走到一起，聚集在林肯纪念堂前，华盛顿的一个林荫大道上。聆听来自佐治亚州的一位年轻牧师(马丁·路德·金)讲述他的梦想。

Here, ―a young preacher from Georgia‖ refers to Martin Luther King.He delivered the speech ―I Have a Dream” on the steps of the Lincon Memorial 45 years ago.Adding comments makes the translated text more complete and understandable.1)Tomorrow，I will attend a gathering of the United Nations Development Fund for Women．(Liu Zhirong, 2010:12)贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

明天。我还会参加联合国发展基金会举办的关注妇女问题会议。

Here, the United Nations Development Fund for Women should add ―妇女问题会议‖in translation, which could let the meaning of sentence more intact.Only in this way can fully express the text’s original meaning.V.Conclusion After above analysis, the author will make a brief conclusion.Firstly, the thesis proposes a rough idea of linguistic features of English political speech.There are rhetoric features, religious features and sentence features in English political speech.Furthermore, by the differences and similarities of English political speeches and Chinese political speeches, we could use some translation methods such as interpretation, borrowing, omission and amplification in order to convey and understand the English political speech better.The discussion about the E-C translation of English political speech is not complete.It is only my own stance and there are still some points in this thesis that need to be further proved.At the very start, the materials collected in this thesis are far from abundant.Besides, because of the limitation of energy and time, this thesis only gives a general view on English political speech translation and has not specific explanation for each translation method.In brief, since great efforts have been contributed to this thesis, the author expect that this dissertation can catch more attention of researches and translators in this area.贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1]David.Public Speaking Strategies for Success [M].Boston: Ally&Bacom, 1999.[2]Newmark.Approaches to Translation [M].Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 1991.[3]Roberts.Rhetoric [M].北京交通大学出版社，1924: 281-286.[4]魏芳.政治演讲语言的特点分析与翻译方法[J].北京：印刷学院大学英语部, 2005.[5]胡锦涛.坚持改革开放，推进合作共赢[J].新华网，2008:129-131.[6]勃朗特译.影响你一生的名人励志演讲[M].海豚出版社,2011:11.[7]马丁·路德著，刘植荣译.美国20世纪经典演讲100篇[M].江西人民出版社，07:12.[8]刘植荣.美国21世纪最震撼的声音[M].江西人民出版社，2010:23.[9]任宪宝.奥巴马演说—跨越族的声音[M].中国言实出版社，2014：7.贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The completion of this essay would not have been possible without the encouragement, the guidance, and the support of many other people.First of all, I would extend my sincere and heartfelt thanks to my supervisor Professor Yang Dingting who has given me valuable suggestions and insightful comments in the essay writing.She has also spent much time going through brainstorming with me, put my work on the right track, read in great details every draft of every section of this essay, and helped improve the appropriateness of English used.My gratitude to Miss Yang knows no bound.Special thanks also go to my family for their unfailing support and love throughout my university study.贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

补充说明：

1.论文使用英语撰写，不少于3000字。

2.页码：目录用罗马数字(Ⅰ、Ⅱ┄┄)单独编页码，页码位于页面底端居中。毕业论文（设计）主体部分与后置部分的页码从毕业论文（设计）的摘要开始，至附录结束，用阿拉伯数字连续编排，页码位于页面底端居中。页码为5号Times New Roman。

3.数字和字母：Times New Roman 字体；中文：仿宋字体（摘要、参考文献等处）

4．封面及Declaration页单面打印、其余页双面打印。

页边距：上2cm，下2cm，左2.5 cm，右1.5 cm，装订线0.5cm，页眉1.2cm，页脚1.5cm。

5．页眉以小五号宋体字键入“贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计），居左。” “贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）” 从摘要页开始，下面应有一条横线。

第二篇：英语常用翻译方法

Common Usage(Addition and Deletion Translation)

Since there are huge differences in syntax, lexicon and rhetoric between Chinese and English languages, when doing translation a lot of troubles will occur, and some techniques must be applied in this respect.Some common usages are addition, deletion, transformation, combination, sequent and reverse skills, together with inversion and comprehensive techniques, which could be used in both translation and interpretation.Addition and deletion techniques are demonstrated as follows:Addition technique means based on two distinctive thinking methods, language and expression habits, it is necessary for us to add some words, phrases or sentences in translating the text in order to make clear the connotation.This skill is mainly used in translating Chinese into English, adding the hints, notes and general expression to complete the meaning.Deletion techniques, which means to delete any contents that the translator thinks might against the way of thinking, language habit or expression of the target language, so that the translation is made concise.常用方法（增译法、省译法在翻译中的应用）

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中；下面主要介绍增译法和省译法。

1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。而且多半用在汉译英里。在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。在到语法结构的完整、译文意思的明确。如：

2.省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如：

第三篇：英语即兴演讲(含翻译)

环境污染

Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world.For example, cars have made the air unhealthy for people to breathe and poisonous gas is given off by factories.The earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of itfor ourselves and for our later generations.I hope the problem will be solved in the near future and our home will become better and better.全世界的环境问题变得越来越严重。比如，汽车排出让人吸入会不健康的气体，工厂排放有毒的气体。地球是我们的家园，我们有责任去保护她，不仅是为了我们，也是为了我们的后代。我希望在不久的将来环境问题能够得到解决，同时我们的家园会变得越来越好。

灾害处理

In the pastyears, there have been frequent natural disasters, such as floods, droughts, mud-rock flows, earthquakes and windstorms in China.The disasters have killed thousands of people, destroyed countless homes, and wiped out numerous pieces of fertile land.In front of the disasters, we human beings are too weak, so we should be strengthened, independent and wisdom.Also when the disaster happens, our government should take measures as soon as possible.Only in the solidary atmosphere, can weover the hump.在过去的几年里，中国频繁的发生自然灾害，比如洪水，干旱，泥石流，地震以及暴风雨。这些灾害造成了数以千计的人们遇难，摧毁了数不清的房屋，冲毁了难以计数的肥沃良田。在灾害面前，我们人类非常渺小，所以我们必须要坚强，独立和动脑筋。而且当灾害发生时，政府应该迅速的做出反应。只有大家同心协力，才能够度过这个难关。

南京青奥会

I was born in Nanjing and live in Nanjing, and I love it very much.When I heard that Nanjing is going to hold the 2014 Youth Olympic Games, I feel so happy and excited.Why？Becausetherewould be many kinds of sports including swimming, cycling, and football and so on.They are all performed by the best youth athletes around the world, it’s really

spectacular and worth watching.Meanwhile we should not onlywatch the sports in the track and field, but also exercise in our daily life.That’s a healthier life style!By sharing the games, eventually, I believe, we could share our dreams as well!Thank you all.我出生在南京，从小也是在南京长大的，我很喜欢南京。当我听到南京将要举办2014年的青奥会时，我感到非常高兴和兴奋。要问我为什么？是因为到那时就会有很多之类的运动赛事，包括游泳，自行车，足球等等。运动员们都是来自全世界最优秀的青年，青奥会一定很壮观也很值得观看。同时，我们不要只观看赛场中的项目，也要在日常

生活中积极去锻炼身体。这样才是健康的生活方式！通过一起度过这场盛世，最终，我相信，我们一定也能分享我们的梦想！谢谢。

假日旅游

Nowadays, more and more people like to travel in their holidays.It is reported that in recent years several new holiday habits have been developed.Among them, the most interesting one is the growthof the so-called holiday camps.People enjoy thefresh air, clean water and green hills when they go camping in the suburbs.Less people wantto save much money by leading a simple life.Inshort, people'sliving standard today has been rising greatly.如今，越来越多的人喜欢假日里去旅游。根据相关报道，近些年一些新兴的旅游方式开始兴起。其中，最吸引人的就算所谓的假日露营了。当人们在野外露营时，大家喜欢新鲜的空气，青山绿水。很少有人愿意攒钱过平淡的生活了。简言之，人们的生活水平有了大幅度的提高。

关爱生命

Nowadays, people havefocused much on economic development，but they haven't paid enough attention to the promotion of mentality.Hence，lots of problems appear, with the commit suicide being the mosttypical one.So we should concentrate more on the education ofmorality.Life is each person's wealth, because the world with life arecolorful,f

ull ofvigour, let us love and cherish own life, seize everysecond of life.如今，人们把太多的焦点放在经济增长上，却对精神心理方面的提高置若罔闻。因此，很多的问题浮现出来，自杀就是其中最典型的。所以，我们应该把更多的关注放在精神的教育上。生命是每个人的财富，因为拥有生命的世界是丰富多彩的，生机勃勃的，让我们热爱，珍惜我们的生命吧，抓住生命中的每一秒。

食品安全

When the issue of poisonous milk powder gains an overwhelming focus from the public, where areadministrators? As we can see from the broadcast, the safety of food has become veryserious.It is imperative that drastic measures should be taken to end thisthorny situation, such as enacting related law to reinforce our supervisal mechanism to avoid the behavior of kicking the ballwhen something bad happen.Only in a healthy atmosphere ofthe food, can people live a harmony, colorful and satisfying life.当毒奶粉的问题吸引了公众巨大的关注时，管理人员在哪里？从报道中我们可以得知，食品的安全已经变得非常严峻了。非常有必要采取有力措施解决这一严峻的形势，比如制定相关法律增强监督机制，以避免当问题发生时出现踢皮球的行为。只有在一个健康的食品环境下，人们才可以享受和谐，多彩，满意的生活。

水资源保护

Now，everyone knows water is important.People can't live without it.So it's very important for us to protect it.But how we can do for saving it ? I think we can do some things that everyone can do,like don't keep on the tap during we wash hands or vegetables.Also,we can use the water that used to water the flowers.I think we can do everything that we can to protect the water,the most important thing is if we can persevere.If everyone tries their best to protect, I think nothing is impossible.现在，每个人都知道水很重要。人们的生活离不开它。因此，对我们而言保护水资源很重要。但是我们怎么做才可以保护它呢？我认为我们包括大家都可以做一些事，比如当我们洗手或菜的时候不要一直开着水龙头。我们也可以用已经用过的水去浇花。我想我们可以做很多事情去保护水资源，最重要的是我们是否愿意保护它。如果每个人都尽自己最大的努力，一切皆有可能。

动物保护

Animals have accompanied with human beings all through our history.However，animals have been killed for their fur and feathers, for food, for clothes.Thousands of kinds of animals have disappeared from the earth forever.Hundreds more are on the danger list today.Luckily, some people are working to help save the animals.Some groups raise money to let people know about the importance of the problem.And they try to get the

governments to pass laws protecting animals in danger.Quite a few countries have passed laws.These laws forbid the killing of any animal or planton the danger list.Slowly, the number of some animals in danger is growing.在人类的历史上动物一直陪伴着我们。然而，人们因为食物和衣物捕杀了很多的动物以获得它们的皮革和皮毛。已经有数以千计的动物从地球上永远的消失了。如今还有成百上千的物种在濒危保护单上。幸运的是，一些人已经在为保护动物做一些工作。一些组织出钱让人们知道问题的重要性。他们努力让政府通过立法保护濒危物种。不少的国家已经立法。这些法律禁止伤害濒危保护单上的动植物。逐渐的，濒危物种在逐渐壮大。

传统节日

Many young people in China today prefer western holidays.Christmas is now celebrated by the younger generation all over China.As a result, our traditional festivals have beendesolated.This phenomenon has actually developed quite naturally in recent decades due to the cultural exchanges.In my opinion, it's fine for students studyingwestern cultures to celebrate western holidays with their teachers and classmates.However，on the other hand, we Chinese should hold on to our traditional festivals, the festivals which we have celebrated for centuries.如今我国很多年轻人喜欢西方节日。现在全国的年轻人都过圣诞节。

结果，我们的传统节日遭受了冷落。由于文化的交流，近些年来这种现象变得非常普遍。我个人观点，学生与老师同学们一起学习西方的文化庆祝西方的节日是可以的。但是，另一方面，我们中国人应该坚持过我们的传统节日，这些节日已经流传了很多个世纪了。

第四篇：谈科技英语的文体翻译和语言特点论文

摘要: 随着现代科学技术的飞速发展，全球经济一体化逐步深入，科技英语将越来越引起科学界和语言界的高度重视和关注。科技英语越来越表现出其独特性，已成为一门独立的文体。本文从科技英语的语言特点出发，举例阐述了科技英语的翻译技巧和方法。

关键词: 科技英语；语言特点；翻译

在科技英语文献中，科技词汇包括纯科技词汇和普通科技词汇，其使用率高达60 %，足见其数量之多。随着现代科学技术的飞速发展，全球经济一体化逐步深入，科技英语将越来越引起科学界和语言界的高度重视和关注。著名科学家钱三强早就指出：“科技英语在许多国家已经成为现代英语的一个专门的新领域。”现在世界上许多国家设立了科技英语研究中心，大学里也设立科技英语专业或科技英语系，专门从事科技英语语言的研究、教学和科技英语人才的培养。

在我国，科技英语的研究和学习方兴未艾，科技英语系（专业)、研究中心和翻译机构在各大中城市、高等院校如雨后春笋。这充分说明我国科技的快速发展，经济的良性循环以及对世界政治、经济、科技等活动越来越需要科技英语。尽管科技英语和普通英语(如文学英语)外表上看一样，都是由语音、词汇和语法构成。但随着其运用范围扩大，科技领域的进一步规范，科技英语越来越表现出其独特性，已成为一门独立的文体，并逐步奠定科技英语作为一门学科的基础。

一、科技英语的语言特点

科技英语的特点表现在词汇、句法和修辞三个方面。

（一）词汇方面

科技词汇在科技英语里大量使用，主要包括以下几类：．纯科技词汇，即那些只用于某个专业或学科的专门词汇或术语，如hydroxide(氢氧化物)、diode(二级管)、isotope(同位素)等。随着科技的发展，新学科、新专业的产生，这样的词汇层出不穷，其词义精确而狭窄，针对性极强。阅读专业性强的文献，就要了解该领域的专门词汇和术语。．通用科技词汇，即不同专业都要经常使用的那些词汇，数量较大。这类词的使用范围比纯科技词汇要广，出现频率也高，但在不同的专业里有较为稳定的词义。如p o w e r 一词在机械力学中的词义为“力”、“电”、“电力”、“动力”、“电源”、“功率”等，在数学中的词义为“乘方”、“次方”、“幂”；又如f e e d 一词的意义也很丰富：“馈电”、“供水”、“输送”、“进刀”等。．派生词汇，指通过合成、转化和派生构词手段而构成的词汇。这种词汇在科技英语文献中占有很大的比重。例如，由前缀hydro-，hyper-，hypo-和inter-构成的词条在科技英语中就有二干多条；以表示学科的后缀-logy，-ics 和表示行为、性质、状态等的后缀-tion，-sion，-ance，-ence，-ment 等结尾构成的词汇在科技英语文献中俯拾即是。

此外，缩写词也是科技英语词汇的重要组成部分，具有经济、简便的优点。

（二）句法方面．被动语态。

翻开任何一页科技文献，都可找到一定数量的被动语态，这正是科技英语的显著特征的表现：客观、真实，拒绝主观和臆断。．非谓语动词结构。

在科技英语中使用非谓语动词结构可以更好、更准确地描述各个事物之间的关系，事物的位置和状态的变化。．名词化结构。

用名词词组或短语(主要是用具有动作意义的名词+ of + 修饰语)来表示一个句子的意思，就是名词化结构。这一结构在科技英语中大量使用，主要因为它有简洁、确切、严密、客观、信息量大等特点。．长句。

根据上海交通大学l07万词的计算机语料统计，科技英语句的平均长度为21.4 个词，7 个以下(包括7 个词)的短句仅占8.77％，超过40 个的长句占6.3％(方梦之，l989：97)。科技英语中使用长句用来描写复杂多变的客观世界。

（三）修辞方面．句型和时态的使用。科技英语文体用来客观陈述事实和问题，描写过程和状态，说明特性和功能，所论情理多为一般性、频繁性和特征性。因此，在这样的文体中，大量使用陈述句型，谓语动词主要以一般时为主，如一般现在时、过去时和将来时等。．语气的使用。科技作者在说明事

理、提出设想、探讨问题和推导公式时，常常涉及各种前提、条件和场合。为了避免武断，总是从假定、猜测、建议和怀疑的角度出发，这就往往需要采用虚拟语气；另一方面，有不少作者为了表示自己的谦逊，为了谨慎和留有余地，也乐于采用虚拟语气而使口吻变得委婉和圆滑。．祈使旬的使用。在使用说明书、操作规程、作业指导、注意事项等科技文章中，更多使用祈使句以告诫、建议、劝告和命令用户或操作者的行动，以达到基本目的。．其他特点。由于科技文章本身的客观性、信息性，所以在句子结构和其他语言特点上就表现出一些明显的特点如分隔结构、非言词符号、倒装、省略等的使用。科技英语是用来传递客观真理、客观事实，拒绝主观性和臆断性，消除歧义，表达上力求简明、扼要、规范，逻辑严密。以上语言特点是应科技英语本身的要求而形成的。

二、科技文体的翻译

在英语学习的基础阶段，学生接触了一些英语翻译的练习，但大部分为文学方面的，较少翻译科技方面的文章。然而，他们工作时接触的大多都是科技方面的文献，且科技文体有其独特性。如不系统学习，将直接影响翻译效果。

（一）科技术语和专有词汇的翻译一般来说，可采用以下几种方法：

（1）意译法

意译法就是根据原词的实际含义译成对应的汉语术语。这种译法广泛运用于科技术语的翻译，具有概念明确、易懂易记的优点。例如：guided missile 导弹； automobile汽车；software 软件；barometer 气压计；input 输入；hard-wired modem 硬线调制解调器；insulation resistance test 绝缘电阻测定；等等都是采用意译的方法来翻译的。

（2）音译法

音译法就是按原词的英语发音译成相对应的汉语。这种译法适用于计量单位名称、人名、地名、公司名、首字母缩略语以及一些还未完全了解的新术语。如：gallon 加仑； clone 克隆； pound 磅；Coco cola 可口可乐；watt 瓦特；Franklin富兰克林；Mercerdes-Benz 奔驰（汽车）；AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome)艾滋病（获得性免疫力缺乏综合症）；TOEFL(test of English as a foreign language)托福（作为一门外语的英语测试）等，这种方法是不得已而为之，无法揭示词汇的真正意义。随着新术语的认识，对不少词已用意译来代替，如：engine（引擎）发动机；vitamin(维他命)维生素；microphone(麦克风)话筒等。

（3）半音半意法

这是音译与意译的结合。

如：Einstein equation 爱因斯坦方程；Noble prizes 诺贝尔奖金；beer 啤酒；card卡片等。

（二）句子的翻译

科技英语是用来陈述自然界、科技界所发生或出现的事情，描述其规律、特点、过程等的语言，表达客观准确、逻辑性强、结构严谨，这样才能更好地记录自然界和科技界的动态。用来记录的语言当然不会很简单：句子偏长、结构复杂。否则，很难表达这些领域的内容或现象。这样的句子也是难句，给读者和译者带来不少的麻烦。从句法的角度来分析，造成长句难的主要原因是：修饰、限定及附加成分多，从而造成分隔结构(修饰与被修饰成分相隔很远)。对长难句的处理，首先理顺语法结构；然后根据句子特点采取不同的手段，如分译法、顺序法或变序法等。

例如：These things are notorious;Sir William Scott, in his speech of 1802, in favor of the non-residence of the Clergy,expressly said, that they and their families ought to appear at Watering places,and that this was amongst the means of making them respected by their flocks!

这句话的语法结构复杂，要注意两个and连接的分句的语法功能。第一个and连接的与主句并列，第二个连接的则是said带的两个宾语从句。

参考译文为：这等丑事，尽人皆知。然而威廉·司各特爵士在1 8 0 2 年演讲，明白主张牧师不必定居教区，而应携眷到温泉游览，据说这样反而能得到他的教区子民的尊敬云云。

再如：The reason why air makes fire burn more intensely was learned only about two hundred years ago, when several scientists finally proved that oxygen, one of the gases air contains, can combine with certain other elements li)ke carbon to release much heat.参考译文：空气为什么能使火燃烧得更旺？直到大约2 0 0 年前才弄清其原因。当时某些科学家终于证明，空气中有一种气体叫氧，它能够与其它一些元素（如碳）化合，从而释放出大量的热。

（三）被动语态的翻译

英语中，尤其在科技英语文体中，被动语态使用范围很广。这种语态能更客观、准确地描述事物的发展和变化。在汉语中，被动语态的使用范围有限，更多使用主动语态。在英译汉时，一般说来，大部分英语被动语态要译成汉语主动句、无主句、判断句，有时也译成被动语态，尤其是原文表示强调时。

如：

A detailed examination was made of energy partition in an impacted solid propellant.参考译文为：对于固体推进剂受撞击后的内部能量分布情况，已经进行了详尽的研究。

（四）数词的翻译

在科技文献中，数词的使用十分频繁，表达方法多种多样，还有英、美表达上的差异，这些给翻译带来不少的困难。在工作中如对数词翻译不当，后果将不堪设想。因此，要掌握如何翻译倍数、倍数的增加、倍数的减少等数词，还要了解英国和美国英语在这方面不同的表达方式。

如：

（1）On the moon you could lift weights which are six times heavier than the heaviest weight you can lift on the earth．(一个人在月球上所能举起的重物要比他

在地球上所能举起的最重的物体重5 倍。)

（2）When the voltage is stepped-up by 10 times，the strength of the current is stepped-down by 10 times，so that the power remains the same．(当电压升高到l0 倍时，电流强度则降低到1 ／ 10，因此功率保持不变。)

总之，在翻译科技文体的文章时，要根据科技英语的语言特点，确保译文忠实于原文，表达通顺流畅，并掌握英汉基础知识和一定的翻译理论知识，拓宽知识面，养成严谨的工作态度，这样才能较准确地译好科技文体。

参考文献：

[1]王泉水.科技英语翻译技巧：天津：天津科技出版社，1991

[2]方梦之.英语汉译实践与技巧：天津：天津科技翻译出版公司，1994

[3]刘宓庆.文体与翻译： 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1998

[4]穆 雷.中国翻译教学研究：上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999

[5][7]中国科技翻译.北京：中国科学院科技翻译工作者协会主办

第五篇：浅析商务英语的语言特点及翻译

浅析商务英语的语言特点及翻译

【摘要】在全球经济一体化的今天，商务英语成为我国涉外经济活动中的主要交际语言，商务英语作为专门用途英语，有其独特的语言特征。本文根据商务英语的语言特点，探讨了商务英语翻译方法。

【关键词】商务英语 词汇 句法 翻译

随着全球经济一体化的快速发展，中国与国际间的商务交流也日趋频繁。商务英语作为我国涉外经济活动中的主要交际语言，在中英文两种语言间起桥梁作用的是商贸汉英翻译。商贸英语有其自身的语言表达规律和特点，商务英语翻译必须准确、实用、地道。本文从商务英语语言特点出发对商务英语的翻译标准作一番探讨。发现商务英语词汇翻译时要注意语言特点有如下几点：

一、大量使用商务英语专业术语

商务英语属于专门用途英语（ESP），词汇包括金融、外贸、广告、银行、零售、旅游、证券等各行业的术语，每个领域都有专属于自己的专业术语，商务英语的专业用语就是一些商务领域的地道表达。如金融方面的inflationary spiral（螺旋式上升的通货膨胀）。保险方面的clean cut（结消方式）。

二、商务英语词汇构词方法多样

随着商务活动的频繁开展，新词汇不断出现。原有的一些词，它们在不同专业领域中被赋予新的含义。以下为常见的构词方式：

1.一词多义：词汇和语境是相互依存的，词汇只有在一定的语境才能有其特殊的意义。多义词的具体意义，只能靠具体的语境才能确定，因此，人们遇到这种现象才不会引起误解，其中语境起了至关重要的作用。

例如，balance一词也有多个词义，在“balance sheet” 资产负债表中翻译为“资产负债”，而在“balance of payment”国际收支平衡表中译为“平衡表”，在“the balance of acount”帐户余额中又译为“余额”，而balance一词的多种词义需在不同的语境中才能体现出来。

2.大量使用缩略词：出于对效率的考虑，商务活动中很多时候采用具有简约特色的缩略词。形式表现为：第一种为首字母缩略法，如D/A（Document against Acceptance）承兑交单。第二种为截短法，如demo（demonstration）备忘录，表达要注意其缩写形式的统一。第三种为拼缀法news+broadcast（newscast）新闻广播。第四种为首字母拼音法，BPC（Book Prices Current）现行账面价值。

3.合成法构成新词：合成法是指将两个或着两个以上的词语按照一定的顺序构成新词（复合词）。信息时代，传播速度很快，出现许多新词汇。例如电子商务词汇cyber-marketing网络化营销。为了表达清晰，翻译不能一概而论，如将E-directory译成“电子化厂商目录”比“电子厂商目录”意思要清晰得多。

三、商务英语词汇繁复性高，内容缜密

商务活动来往的文书包括商务函电、经贸合同，以及各种协议等等具备实际意义的法律文本，使用的是正式文体，因此为体现这类文本的正式性、严肃性、权威性和严密性，在用词方面尤其仔细。

1.约定俗成的表达方式：商务英语活动往往涉及多方利益，在一些正式的文本中要求定义、条款内容等必须精确，因此往往有一些固定的表达方式，例如用your early reply而不是if you can reply early，这样的习惯英语表达方式。

2.大量使用名词：商务英语中使用大量的名词，往往若干个名词罗列构成一些新词，如order fulfillment cycle time根据订单交货的周期。使用时往往将抽象名词变成可数名词，表示比较具体的东西，并可有复数形式这些以虚指实的抽象名词，翻译应该把虚化为实，使之具体化，从而使译文更为贴切。Thank you for your letter informing us about the damage to our shipment.Shipment做不可?得?词时指“装运，运送”，但在该例中，shipment用作可数名词为“所交运的货物”。

3.时间表达固定，数字众多：商务英语中业务数字和时间都是关键，出现差错容易使业务失败。如in one month or less表示一个月以内而不是用in one month。英汉语计数习惯不同，使用计数单位不一样，表达就要注意其规律：万ten thousand，在商务英语中的数字出现往往很大，这就需要翻译的时候进行一定的转换。

4.名词单复数往往变义：这是指有些名词在从单数构成复数时词义发生了变化。有些名词的单、复数意义截然不同，复数意义并非单数意义的扩展或引申。处理这类词的翻译时需要格外小心，不能简单当作复数概念看待。如外贸中的import&export指的是进出口业务，而imports&exports是指进出口货物或进出口额。

译者处理词汇时遵循原文的语义信息、风格信息、文化信息、读者反应与文的相等的原则，只有具备了英语翻译的基本素质，较高的英语和汉语表达能力，较强的商务专业知识，注意平时积累，了解相关时代和文化背景，掌握最新商务方面的发展动态，不断实践才能做好商务英语词汇的翻译。

参考文献：

[1]陈小慰.商务词汇翻译中的回译和借用[J].中国翻译，2001-7.[2]苗颖，孟广君.商务术语误译的原因分析与对策探讨[J].上海电力学院学报，2004-6.[3]王晓辉，祝远德.谈商务英语的特点和翻译[J].广西大学学报，2001-12.[4]叶玉龙，王文翰，段云礼.商务英语汉译教程[M].天津：南开大学出版社，1998.作者简介：罗慧（1989-），女，汉族，四川都江堰人，助教，外国语言学及应用语言学硕士，研究方向：英语教学，商务英语，专门用途英语。