第一篇:关于英语新词的构成方式和翻译技巧论文
文献综述
新词的定义
新事物,新现象的出现要求人们用新的词语来描述。一般来说,新词是在口语或者书面语中,用来描述反应新事物新现象,表意明确,易于交际的词语。新词具有时间性和限制性。从时间上看,必须是在近期内产生的。从范围上看,它必须是被权威英语词典吸收到词典中来的词语。还有一些旧词随着社会的发展被赋予了新的含义也被看做新词。
我们一般采用neologism一词来表达新词的这一概念。权威词典对新词做出如下解释① a new word or a new meaning for an established word;② the use of , or the practice of creating , new words or new meanings for estab-lished words.英语新词的构成方式
英语新词的构成途径很多,本章拟对英语新词新语的构成进行全方位的梳理,归纳出四种最为常见的类型的构词法,即传统构词法、旧词衍生新义、吸收外来词和创造新词。
传统构词法构成的新词
传统构词法是英语新词新语的主要来源,英语中的大部分新词新语是通过这一途径形成的。
1.合成法(Composition / Compounding)合成法也叫组合法,是英语最为普遍,简单和常见的构词法,它通常有两个或者两个以上的词按照一定的顺序连接起来,构成新的词语。按照这种方式构成的词叫做复合词。复合词在英语新词中占有最大的比例。它具有灵活性和变化性。合成词可以是名词,形容词和动词。合成词中的词干可以写在一起,可以用连字符连接,也可以分开写。带有连字符的合成词体现了英语新词构成的趋势。当人们找不到准确的单词来表达他们的想法的时候,就把一个词组中的 几个单词甚至一个句子中的单词用连字符连起来。这是新闻记者和通俗作家常用的方法。在大众媒体中我们经常碰到像这样表达的合成词:它通常包含两个以上的词干,实际上他们本来是自由词组,只是用连字符连了起来,形成了一个单位。使得语言简明扼要。
如。。
2.拼缀法(Blending)
拼缀法实际上是截短法(clipping)和合成法(composition)的组
合,即对原有的两个或两个以上的词进行剪裁,取舍其中的首部或
尾部,或保持一个词的原形取另一个词或两个词的一部分组成一
个新词新语。这是一种混合构词法,它所构成的新词生动、简洁,因而已成为当代英语中经常使用的一种构词手段。例如~切mber
第二篇:科技翻译论文英语知识论文翻译方法与技巧论文
科技翻译论文英语知识论文翻译方法与技巧论文科技翻译论文英语知识论文翻译方法与技巧论文
谈科技翻译中英语知识特点
摘要:随着国民经济建设和国防建设的发展,科技翻译在科研、实验、设计、加工、科技信息和科技管理中充当着日益重要的角色,因此提高科技翻译能力是很有必要的。本文从翻译学习的角度阐述了科技翻译中英语知识特点。
关键词:科技翻译 英语知识 翻译方法与技巧
从明末清初的科技翻译至今,人们对科技翻译的需求越来越大。这个“信息爆炸”的时代,无论是高校的科技教学与交流,还是社会经济的科技创新和经济发展,都离不开科技翻译。翻译的方法、样式、标准和风格无不与时俱进。但是科技翻译中英语知识特点是不变的。
一个翻译人员,如果他的外语达不到他母语水平的60%-70%,就很难胜任有关的翻译工作。一篇科技文章中其实只有少量自己特定的东西,大多背景和术语都是差不多的。真正着手时翻译人员会发现没有想象得那么难。一个文科出身的翻译人员,如果不能从事工程技术等翻译工作,并不是因为受文科专业的限制,而是其本身的功力不够。是否具有扎实的英语知识是影响科技翻译的决定性因素。科技翻译几乎涵盖了所有理工常见的学科、专业和行业,而且是一种跨文化和地域的交流活动。这些特征决定了翻译人员只有具备较高的英语知识技能水平,才能提高双语对比知识及运用的能力,进而拓展更有广度的知识结构面和培养思维转换应变能力。所以,要真正提高科技翻译水平,必须了解科技翻译中英语知识特点,努力在实践中提高自己的科技翻译水平。
一、英语词汇
科技翻译中的英语词汇要注意到词汇量和专业术语这两个方面。词汇量少,望文生义会导致把握词语的准确度差且错词率高。科技作品中,不同的专业有不同的专业术语,不能随意改换,所以科技翻译人员除了要掌握原语和译入语的基本技能以外,还应熟悉所翻译的专业领域内的技术术语,在翻译时尽量使用这些术语,特别是针对一些概念性词汇。比如,在同一篇科技译文中,科技名词、专业术语务求统一,原则上还必须采用国家自然科学出版机构的词典或者其他有关政府部门规范所规定的名词术语。对于词汇的翻译,有三方面的影响因素。首先,许多科技词汇是通过构词法而来,对其词义的推敲便离不开词素的语义语境,所以,了解英语构词法对我们准确理解科技术语词义和翻译科技术语是有帮助的。此外,周围词和所在句及所在段落影响一个词的词义,该词词义的确切含义通常需要从其词语语义语境、句子语境或段落语义语境中获取。如原文:science and technological advances are enabling us comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.译为:科技进步正在使我们能够探索宇宙的边陲。这里的reach不应该为原意“到达”,根据语境引申为“边陲”。再次,大量科技新成果的出现导致大量科技新词的产生。遇到新词时,有必要请教专业人员或查阅相关工具。
二、造句
科技文章的造句也讲究文采,这种文采体现在:长句的逻辑性、表达客观和描述练达。这也是准确、规范达意并及时有效的翻译不可或缺的途径。把握好句子的文采不仅节省读者看原文时拆解长句的时间,而且使他们得以专心致志地研读原文的技术内涵,快速进入阅读状况。反之,如果翻译还得让读者去揣摩核对原文和译文,就违背了我们科技文献翻译的初衷。
1、大量使用长而复杂的句子是科技文章的一大特点。汉语长句与英语长句在结构上不同,汉语句子结构比较松散,主句与从句之间缺乏应有的连结,但意义的连贯、起、承、转、合一般都隐含在字里行间;而英语长旬的脉络比较清楚,很容易从形式上加以判断。因此,翻译长句的基本要点是如何组织句子,翻译时要避免翻译为英语的流水句和复杂句。
如:pure science is primarily concemed with the development of theories and the establishment of the relations between the phenomena of the universe.译文:理论科学的主要任务是发展理论,建立宇宙间各种现象之间的关系。
分析:这里把英语名词development和establishment转换成汉语动词“发展”和“建立”。双语的灵活转换
增强了译文的准确性和流畅度。
2、科技文章中“非人称主语+人称主语使用的动词谓语”的现象由客观性决定,所以翻译时少用人称主语,而多用非人称主语。
3、为使科技翻译避免表达臃肿,句意不清,应该在充分、正确理解原文的基础上,努力使译文做到言简意赅。
如:in my personal opinion。we must listen to and think overin a punctilious manner each and every suggestion that is offer to us.这样的译文应改写为:we must consider each suggestion carefully.分析:listen to and think over和in a punctilious manner可以分别概括为简单的词避免冗长,listen to and think over和eachand every同义词可以并列,every suggestionthatis offerto us中offer隐含给别人的suggestion,可以替换。
三、语法
如果在语法结构、句型方面不了解中文和英文两种语言表达上的差异,会造成译文的错误。掌握数量、时态、照应和句子成分等基本的语法,利于对原文作出正确的理解,从而提高译文的质量。科技翻译的语法特点表现在:使用一般现在时被动语态及名词化结构。在对原理、规律、性质、特征、科学结论、调查结果和试验数据等客观真理和科学事实的描述时,需要采用一般现在时。翻译中要根据具体情况选择恰当的时态,体现科技文献的客观性;使用被动语态,为避免采用第一、二人称或施事者为主语而造成的主观臆断,被动语态在科技文献中大量使用也使句子意思表达清晰,结构简洁,客观性强。如“必须注意这台机器的功能”可以译为被动句attention must be paid to the function of the machine;采用名词化结构减少主观色彩,用名词作为语句的表述主体可以有助于科技英语描述客观世界,客观地表达技术、学术、专业的内容,体现研究者或表达者的客观态度。一般名词作主语被名词化结构代替,可改变句型和动作行为的表达方式,由表示动作变为表示状态、特征或事实,因而增加表述的客观性。如“this experience removed any magnetism there was in london”中的magnetism就要比 “london was less magnetic”中的形容词magnetic更精准。
四、语篇
语篇,从语言建构功能来看,是不能分割、具有相对独立性且能够单独处理的连贯语言片断。翻译实践也证明,那种字对字、旬对句的观念束缚了译者的大局观,致使译文组织松散,表达不力,削弱了译文的可读性,给译文留下许多遗憾。
如加拿大翻译理论家delisle(1988:10)曾说“翻译的过程充满了艰辛,因为原文中已经明示的内容以及只是隐含的内容都必须在目标语中再现”。每个概念段都有一个核心以及与之相应的附属成分,核心与附属成分逻辑关系明确。科技文体的逻辑性、信息性很强,较有规律性。归纳出其中规律,对这种逻辑关系进行突出,避免信息传递时附属信息对核心信息的干扰,以提高了译文的可读性,有助于读者更好地把握作者欲言。
五、修辞
一般我们习惯于将修辞与文学联系在一起,认为修辞是传递美学信息的。但是科技写作和翻译与修辞的手法是有联系的。修辞从本质上说是抽象的思维物质符号化的一种外在直观的表达形式,而借助语符和修辞手法可以将人们有关科学的思维物质符号化。恰当的文体和修辞手法会使科学的思维和理念展现得准确、简洁有效。
科技论文写作和翻译的修辞是以符合科技论文的要求、以某种程度上有别于文学作品的修辞形式把科学的思维和理念组织、表述和展示出来,使科学的逻辑思维用与之相配的修辞形式,清晰简洁地在译文中得以重现。科技文的翻译研究范围内的修辞是在内容上和表达上偏重于炼字锻句、明确流畅,在形式和结构上偏重于平匀缜密、严谨妥贴。它以在传递科技信息方面以有效地发挥语言的交际功能为要旨,有别于文学体裁中一般概念的美学修辞。科技文章大多用概念、判断、推理等方法说明需要解决的问题具有极强的逻辑性。
六、科技翻译原文涉及的各个学科领域
翻译人员通常被称作是“万金油”,特别是科技人员,他们的专业是无法固定的,说不定遇到什么课题和谈话内容。所以说翻译人员的知识面越宽,就越有助于发展。众所周知,严复提出的“信、达、雅”的翻译标准,但就科技翻译而言,最重要的标准就是准确、客观、规范、简练地表达原文。科技翻译中一般强调“信”的重要性,指的就是科技翻译工作者加强专业学科的学习以及亲身深入科技实践,使科技翻译做到准。
缺乏文化背景知识,就会引起知识运用面狭窄、译文可接受性差,所以,专业知识是影响科技翻译的重要因素。多数科技翻译工作者为高校的外语专业毕业生,对科技的翻译专业知识生疏,因此,应该尽可能地加入企业和单位生产和科技实践,接受潜移默化的技术熏陶,以熟悉每一道工序、流程、技术难点、专业行话等等。实际情况不允许他花上一两年时间去熟悉资料背景的情况下,也可以找几本性质类似的资料,尽可能地了解有关技术内容与文体特点;查阅专业工具书和用互联网对信息进行分类检索义;向专家或作者请教等。走上工作岗位以后,则可能涉及到机械、化工、外贸等多专业知识领域。要求我们不仅要有扎实的外语及本族语语言功底,不断扩大知识面,并且尽可能多地掌握各科技领域专业词汇及缩略语等。
七、结语
翻译界常闻的译事三难,具体到科技英语汉译就是:英语理解难,汉语表达难,专业知识能力要求高。本文对科技翻译中英语知识特点的一般性讨论,有助于翻译实践之前正确地定位自己,使自己进入角色,在实践中改善和提高。
The translation of scientific English translation skills and methods of knowledge in science and technology translation in English translation skills and methods of the knowledge On the characteristics of English knowledge in science and technology translation Abstract: with the development of the national economy and national defense construction, technical translation plays an increasingly important role in scientific research, experiment, design, processing, information technology and scientific management, so improve the ability of translation is necessary.In this paper, from the perspective of translation study English knowledge in science and technology translation.Keywords: translation of scientific English translation skills and methods Since the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty's translation of science and technology, the demand for the translation of science and technology is more and more big.The “information explosion” era, both teaching and communication of science and Technology University, or the social economic and technological innovation and economic development, all cannot do without science and technology translation.Methods of translation, style, standard and style are keeping pace with the times.But the knowledge of English translation of science and technology is invariant features.A translator, if his language is not up to his native level 60%-70%, it is difficult to do the translation work.A scientific article actually only a small amount of their specific things, mostly background and terminology are similar.The real start when translators will find not so difficult to imagine.A liberal arts background of translators, if not engaged in engineering technology and other translation work, not because of liberal arts professional restrictions, but its lack of skill.Have solid knowledge of English is a decisive factor in influencing the translation of science and technology.Translation covers almost all science and engineering disciplines, the common professional and industry, but also is a kind of cross culture and regional exchange activities.These characteristics determine the translator must have high level of English knowledge and skills, to improve the ability of bilingual contrastive knowledge and application of knowledge structure, and to further expand the scope of more and thinking transformation strain capacity.So, to improve the level of science and technology translation, must understand the English knowledge in science and technology translation, and strive to improve their level of science and technology in translation practice.One, the English Vocabulary Translation of scientific English vocabulary should pay attention to vocabulary and terminology of these two aspects.Vocabulary, take the words too literally can lead to grasp the word accuracy and high rate of wrong words.Science and technology works, different professional terminology is different, can not arbitrarily change, so technology translators in addition to master basic skills of source language and target language, technical terms should also be familiar with the translation of the professional field, use as far as possible in the translation of these terms, especially for some conceptual vocabulary.For example, in the same piece of technology in the translation, terminology, terminology to unification, in principle must also terms stipulated by the National Natural Science Publishers dictionary or other relevant government departments to standardize the.For the translation of words, there are three factors.First of all, many scientific vocabulary by means of word formation, semantic context, the meaning of study cannot do without or so, understand English word formation for us to understand scientific meaning and translation of technical terms is helpful.In addition, the surrounding words and the sentences and paragraphs of the meaning of a word, the exact meaning of the word is usually obtained from the semantic context, semantic context in the sentence context or paragraph.Such as the original: Science and technological advances are enabling us comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.translated as: scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.Here reach should not be willing to “reach”, according to the context meaning “border”.Once again, the emergence of a
large number of new achievements in science and technology leads to the generation of a large number of science and technology of new words.In a word, it is necessary to consult a professional or related tools.Two, make sentences
A technical articles also pay attention to literary grace, this literary grace is reflected in: long logic, expression and description of objective particulars.This is accurate, the indispensable means to regulate feelings and timely and effective translation.A good grasp of the sentence will not only save the reader time dismantling sentences see the text, but also make their technical content to devote oneself heart and soul to read text, quickly enter the reading situation.Conversely, if the translation is to let readers try to check the original translation, is against our original intention of science and technology literature translation.1, use a lot of long and complex sentences is a major characteristic of scientific articles.Chinese English and English long sentences differ in structure, the Chinese sentence structure is loose, a lack of connection between the main clause and the clause, but the significance of coherence, play, bearing, rotating, and generally implied in between the lines;while the English long, context clear, easily from the form to be judged.Therefore, the basic point is how to organize the sentence translation of long sentences, translation should be avoided for the English translation of flowing water sentence and complex sentence.Such as: pure science is primarily concemed with the development of theories and the establishment of the relations between the phenomena of the universe.Translation: the main task of scientific theory is the development theory, establishes the relationship between the universe phenomena.Analysis: the English noun development and establishment into the establishment of Chinese verb “development” and “".Flexible conversion bilingual and enhance the accuracy and fluency of translation.2, scientific articles ”impersonal subject + person subject using the verb predicate“ phenomenon from objective decision, so the translation is less personal subject, and more impersonal accustomed to rhetoric is in connection with literature, that rhetoric is conveying aesthetic information.But the scientific writing and translation and rhetoric techniques are linked.Rhetoric is essentially a form of external expression of thinking matter abstract symbols of intuitive, and with the help of language symbols and rhetoric can connect people thinking about science of material symbols.Proper style and rhetoric makes scientific thinking and ideas show was accurate, simple and effective.Technical writing and translation of rhetoric is to meet the requirements of scientific papers, to a certain degree has rhetorical form different from literary works of the scientific thinking and idea of organization, representation and display, make the scientific logical thinking with the rhetoric form with the match, clarity and simplicity in translation to reproduce.EST translation study within the scope of rhetoric is in the content and expression of emphasis on diction forging sentence, clear and smooth, in the form and structure of emphasis on homogeneous careful, rigorous.It takes in the transfer of scientific and technological information in order to effectively play the function of language communication as the essence of aesthetic rhetoric, there is different from the general concept of literature.Scientific articles mostly use concept, judgment, reasoning that need to solve the problem is very logical.Six, the science and technology translation involves all fields The translator is often called a ”one size fits all“, especially in scientific and technical personnel, their professional is not fixed, perhaps meet what topics and conversation.So knowledge of translators is wider, more conducive to the development of.As everyone knows, Yan Fu's ”letter and elegance,“ the criteria of translation, but the translation of science and technology, the most important standard is accurate, objective, standard, concise expression of the original.In EST translation emphasizes the importance of general ”letter", refers to the translation of science and technology workers to strengthen the professional disciplines of learning and personal in-depth practice of science and technology, the science and technology translation standard.The lack of cultural background knowledge, will cause the knowledge narrow, acceptability is poor, so, professional knowledge is an important factor to influence the translation of science and technology.Most technical translators for College English major graduates, on science and technology Translation of professional knowledge is strange, therefore, it should be possible to join enterprises and units of production and the practice of science and technology, the influence of technology acceptance influence character by environment, familiar with every process, process, technical difficulties, the professional jargon.The actual situation does not allow him to spend one or two years time to get familiar with the data context, can also find several of the similar nature of the data, as much as possible about the relevant technical content and stylistic features;access to professional books and classifies information retrieval meaning to consult experts or the Internet;etc..Go after work, may be related to mechanical, chemical, foreign trade and other areas of expertise.We are required not only to have foreign language and native language skills, expand their knowledge, and as much as possible to master the technology in the field of special terms and abbreviations.Seven, the conclusion
Translators often heard the translation difficulties, specific to the EST Translation: English is difficult to understand, difficult to express Chinese, professional knowledge and ability requirements.In this paper, the general knowledge of the English translation of science and technology in the characteristics of discussion, is helpful for translation practice before correctly positioning ourselves, make ourselves into the role, and improve in practice.
第三篇:谈话的方式和技巧
谈话的方式和技巧
中国人与西方人在谈话的方式和技巧方面有很多不同,因此在交谈时有时候会出现误会和误解,这是因为双方的文化背景和文明程度不同的缘故。下面介绍一些与西方人交谈应注意的事项。
选择谈话主题:交谈中能否选择恰当的谈话主题,往往决定着一次交谈的基调及成效。所谓恰当的话题,就是双方都感兴趣的话题。
交谈要领:与老年人交谈,语速要较慢且声音要大一些;与年轻人交谈,要轻声慢语,语调要柔和,使对方产生安全感;遣词造句和口气要考虑对方的文化程度。
避免涉及稳私:凡是涉及隐私、非议他人、让人反感或格调不高、枯燥乏味的话题都应该主动回避。西方人不会随意问别人的收入、钱财,对女士不会问年龄。对于有关宗教信仰、政治态度、疾病以及感情等问题也尽量避免涉及。
目光交流方式:中国人不喜欢在交谈时盯着对方,这是不礼貌的表现,而西方人对注目礼很重视,往往利用目光帮助彼此的沟通,这一点需要注意。
肢体语言:中国人点头通常表示“我知道了”,西方人点头则表示“我同意”,这是东方人与西方人在肢体语言方面的差异;中国人在交谈时很少借助于手势,如果在说话时指手画脚,会被认为是不礼貌;而西方人则要用灵活的双手来表达自己内心的想法,因而谈话时手势比较多。
最后还有一点要注意的是,东方人讲话比较含蓄,西方人讲话则比较直截了当,再有东方人讲话时用夸奖和感谢的词汇比较少,而西方人则比较爱用这一类词语,语气比较夸张,因此在与西方人谈事情时,一定要清楚明白地说明你的目的。
第四篇:英语长句翻译技巧1
哈尔滨师范大学
本科高等教育学生实习报告
报告题目
大庆化工厂实习总结
报告作者:何云龙
学号:2007020396
作者单位:哈师大化学系11班 指导教师:李锦州
专业:材料化学
2010年7月
大庆化工厂实习总结
(一)、实习简述
这次能有机会去工厂实习,我感到非常荣幸。虽然只有五天的时间,但是在这段时间里,在老师和工人师傅的帮助和指导下,对于一些平常理论的东西,有了感性的认识,感觉受益匪浅。这对我们以后的学习和工作有很大的帮助,我在此感谢学院的领导和老师能给我们这样一次学习的机会,也感谢老师和各位工人师傅的悉心指导。
(二)、实习工作说明
我们这次实习,主要在大庆油田的化工厂。在合成氨、聚乙烯、醋酸等车间共四个工段进行了半天的实习,在车间师傅的细心讲解和悉心指导下,我们详细的了解了每个车间的设备和操作系统,初步了解了工厂各个车间的工艺指标,对工厂的管理制度也进行了简单得了解,在实习的最后一天,我们还参观了大庆铁人纪念馆和石油科技馆,丰富了我们的知识。
(三)、实习单位简介
大庆炼化公司于2000年10月18日由原中国石油天然气股份有限公司林源石化公司和原中国石油天然气股份有限公司大庆油田公司化工总厂合并组建的,隶属于中国石油天然气股份有限公司,公司地处黑龙江省大庆市让胡路区,下辖所属林源和马鞍山两个生产区,总占地面积20.3平方公里,员工7215人,平均年龄30岁,大专以上学历1526人,占员工总数的21.15%,其中研究生57人,中级以上职称的专业技术人员896人。公司机关设九个处(室),下辖13个二级厂(公司)。固定资产原值118亿元,净资产88亿元。原油加工能力800万吨/年,现有生产装置32套,生产工艺和工程设备均处于国内同行业先进水平。公司目前可生产16种100多个牌号的石油化工产品,其中优质品和免检产品占总量的80%,年销售收入120亿元,是集炼油-润滑油-化工-化纤
于一体的国内大型炼化企业。
化工集团组建于2003年12月25日,2004年6月29日正式在大庆高新开发区登记注册,工商注册为大庆油田化工有限公司。注册资本为8亿元,大庆石油管理局出资7.74亿元,占96.75%;大庆油田建设集团出资0.26亿元,占3.25%。集团自成立以来累计上缴利税75235.7万元,是大庆高新开发区创效大户。化工集团下属9个单位:甲醇分公司、轻烃分馏分公司、东昊投资有限公司、醋酸分公司、技术开发研究院、综合服务分公司、销售分公司、项目管理中心、物资管理中心。
现有在册职工2893名,其中:管理人员979名、专业技术人员155名、生产操作和服务人员1732名、销售人员27名;具有大专以上学历人员1420名、硕士研究生29名、在读硕士研究生41名、在读博士研究生4名;职工平均年龄34.3岁。截至2008年7月底,集团固定生产原值35.18亿元,净值25.68亿元。
化工集团组建以来,充分依托油田的油气资源,加快机构整合和资源共享,面对高温高压、易燃易爆的安全风险,不断克服困难、谋求发展。主营业务收入由2004年的16.72亿元增加到2007年的20.95亿元,累计实现利润11.9亿元。构建了具有化工特色的安全文化,形成了发扬大庆精神的“五精”管理经验。2007年跻身“中国化工企业500强”行列。
面对新形势、新任务、新使命,化工集团将坚持以科学发展观为指导,传承大庆精神、铁人精神,在百年油田创建和4000万吨原油持续稳产中,再做新贡献!
(四)、主要生产装置
1.天然气化工产业
两套10万吨/年甲醇装置:一套为1991年建成投产的6万吨/年甲醇装置,2001年进行了节能扩产改造,现生产能力达到10万吨/年,该套装置采用同比能耗更低、技术更加先进的两
段转化技术。资产原值1.50亿元,净值0.69亿元;另一套为1998年建成投产的10万吨/年甲醇装置,该套装置采用传统的一段转化技术。资产原值3.15亿元,净值1.33亿元。5万吨/年合成氨装置:2006年建成投产,采用德国林德公司的LAC工艺,产品为液氨、氢气、二氧化碳。资产原值4.58亿元,净值3.57亿元。该装置是一套原料性装置,主要为油田注剂和化工集团下游产业链的延续提供原料。目前液氨是生产聚乙烯酰胺的主要原料,氢气是集团正在规划的1,4-丁二醇的主要原料。
20万吨/年醋酸装置:这是为延长天然气化工产业链而建的甲醇下游项目。以甲醇、二氧化碳、氧气和焦碳为原料,采用“低压液相羰基合成”先进技术生产醋酸,该套装置于2007年10月建成投产,总投资15.02亿元。
2.轻烃精深加工产业
20万吨/年轻烃分馏装置:2000年11月建成投产,资产原值
2.41亿元,净值1.14亿元。该装置采用八塔连续分馏装置,主要产品有液化石油气、汽车用液化石油气、工业丁烷、工业戊烷、混合几烷、工业正几烷、工业庚烷、工业辛烷、庚辛烷残液、工业混合烷等11种产品。该套装置是目前国内最大的轻烃分馏生产装置。
5万吨/年戊烷精细分离装置:该装置主要是将20万吨/年轻烃馏分馏装置生产的混合戊烷产品进行深加工,延长产业链而建设的,2003年10月建成投产,资产原值0.70亿元,净值0.45亿元。装置采用四塔连续分馏装置,主要产品有正戊烷、异戊烷、环戊烷及复配后的发泡剂系列产品。该套装置目前是亚洲最大的戊烷精细分离装置,其高附加值效益逐年增加。
3.油田三采表活剂产业
2万吨/年重烷基苯磺酸装置和6万吨/年重烷基苯磺酸装置: 重烷基苯磺酸装置是依据大庆油田“十一五” 三采表活剂规
划用量建设的。多年来化工集团一直配合油田进行三元复合驱矿场实验,大力开发表活剂产品,形成了自主知识产权,重烷基苯磺酸盐被确定为三元复合驱的主表面活性剂。2万吨/年重烷基苯磺酸装置于2005年8月建设,2006年4月投产,资产原值0.44亿元,净值0.35亿元。6万吨/年重烷基苯磺酸装置,投资1.79亿元,于2007年4月开工建设,2008年3月中旬竣工。化工集团被油田确定为重烷基苯磺酸盐的唯一供应商,被集团公司确定为重烷基苯磺酸盐生产基地。
4.180万吨/年原油稳定装置:
该装置2004年10月建成投产,设计年处理原油180万吨,资产原值0.60亿元,净值0.44亿元。2006年经过改造和优化运行,原油处理量提高至230万吨/年,年生产轻烃12万吨。
(五)心得体会
在实习的历程中,本身学到了许多原先在课本上学不到的工具,而且可以使本身更进一步接近社会,领会到市场跃动的脉搏,如果说在象牙塔是看市场,还是比力感性的话,那麽当你身临企业,直接接触到企业的生产与发卖的话,就理性的多。因为,在市场的竞争受市场竞争法则的约束,从采购、生产到发卖都与市场有着千丝万缕的联系,如何规避危害,如何拓宽市场,如何包管企业的生存发展,这一切的一切都是那麽的现实。于是理性的判断就显得重要了。在企业的实习历程中,我发明了本身看问题的角度,思虑问题的方式也逐渐拓宽,这与实践密不可分,在实践历程中,我又一次感受到充实,感受成长。
第五篇:英语谚语及其翻译技巧
英语谚语及其翻译技巧
公元前55年,古罗马统帅恺撒征服不列颠岛,而英国历史上真正的“罗马人的征服”(Roman Conquest)是在公元43年开始的。从此罗马人占领不列颠400年之久。罗马人的文化对不列颠的影响仍留在岛上,在今天的英语谚语中仍然可以找到历史的痕迹。
BC, the Roman commander in chief Kai Caesar conquered the British Isles, British history, real Romans conquered the Roman, of Conquest in 43 AD.Since then, the Roman occupation of Britain 400 years.Romans cultural impact on Britain to remain on the island, you can still find traces of history in today's English proverbs
例如:
Do in Rome as the Romans do.在罗马就要过罗马人的生活。(喻:入乡随俗。)
Rome was not built in a day.罗马不是一天建成的。(喻:伟业非一日之功。)
All roads lead to Rome.条条道路通罗马.(喻:殊途同归。)
谚语的产生与人们生活和劳动的地理环境习习相关。英国是一个岛国,位于欧洲西部大西洋中的不列颠诸岛上,南面有英吉利海峡(the English Channel),多拂尔海峡(the straits of Dover),东面隔北海(the North Sea)。这里的海上运输业和渔业特别发达,因此留下了不少与航海业和渔业有关的谚语。
Proverb generation and people's lives and labor of the geographical environment breeze.Britain is an island, located in western Europe in the Atlantic Ocean on the British Isles, the south the English Channel(the English Channel), and more brush Seoul Strait(the straits of Dover), the east separated from the North Sea(the North Sea).Of maritime transport and fisheries developed, thus leaving a lot of proverbs related to the maritime industry and fisheries
例如:
All is fish that comes to his net.进到网里的都是鱼。
这条谚语的比喻意义是“任何有用的东西或有好处的东西都来者不拒”,含有贬义。
Never offer to teach fish to swim.不要教鱼儿游泳。
这条谚语的比喻意义是“不要在行人面前卖弄自己”。相当于汉语谚语“不要班们弄斧”。
He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet.要想抓鱼就不能怕弄湿衣。
这条谚语的比喻意义与汉语谚语“要吃龙肉,就得亲自下海”的比喻意义相似。
The great fish eat up the small.大鱼吃小鱼。
这条谚语形象的描绘出自然界和人类社会的激烈斗争,相互倾轧的状况。
He that would sail without danger must never come on the main sea.谁在航行时不冒险,他就永远不要来到大海上。
这条谚语比喻“不付出就没有收获”,相当于汉语谚语“不入虎穴,焉得虎子”。
大不列颠岛是典型的温带海洋性气候,雨量充沛,风大雾多,降雨量特别大。因此产生了一条谚语:It never rains but it pours.(不雨则己,一雨倾盆)。
这条谚语的比喻意义是“倒霉的事情总是一起发生的”,相当于汉语成语“祸不单行”的意思。
风俗习惯是一个地区的人的生活方式,包括的东西很多,涉及生活的各个地域。它既受到一个民族的政治、经济、宗教、文学等方面的影响,又必然反映出该民族的风俗习惯,谚语更是与风俗习惯紧密相关,英语谚语的翻译离不开对英美风俗习惯的了解。The customs of the lifestyle of a region, including a lot of things involving the life of the various geographical.It necessarily reflect the customs of the nation by a nation's political, economic, religious, literary and other aspects of Proverbs more closely related with the customs of English proverbs and their translation is inseparable from the understanding of the Anglo-American customs.任何一个民族都有自己喜欢的动物,因此宠物文化有鲜明的地域性。中国人一般都鄙视狗,常用狗来比喻坏人坏事。但英美国家大都对狗有好感,认为狗是忠实可靠的朋友,其中一部分受到外来文化的影响而含有贬义外,大部分没有贬义。在英美文化中,“狗”经常用来比喻人的生活,派生出许多谚语。
Any other people have their favorite animals, pet culture distinct regional.Chinese people generally despise dogs, used dogs to describe the bad guys a bad thing.But the Anglo-American countries, mostly the dog a good impression, that a dog is a loyal and reliable friends, some of which by the influence of foreign cultures which contain derogatory, no negative connotation.Anglo-American culture, “dog” is often used to describe the person's life, derived from the many proverbs.Every dog has his own day.(每只狗都有他的好时光。)
这条谚语比喻“人人都有得意的一天。”
An old dog barks not in rain.(老狗不乱吠。)
这条谚语比喻“老年人做事有经验。”
Dog does not eat dog.(狗不吃狗。)
这条谚语比喻“一个人不应该攻击或伤害同伙,或赚他的钱。”与这条英语习语相近的汉语有:“同室不操戈,同类不相残。”
Love me, love my dog.(喜欢我,也要喜欢我的狗。)He that lies down with dogs must rise up with fleas.(与狗同眠的人身上必然有跳蚤。)这条谚语的比喻意义近似与汉语谚语“近朱者赤,近墨者黑。”
猫也是英美文化的宠物,多用来比喻女人,猫和狗一样,常被比喻成人,自然也引出不少谚语。
All cats are grey in the dark.(所有的猫在黑暗中都是灰色的。)
这条谚语比喻“人在未成名时,很难看出有什么区别”。
A cat has nine lives.(猫有九命。)
在英美文化习俗中,传说猫天资聪明,动作灵敏,在很多其他动物会被伤害的情况下,猫都能逃脱劫难。这条谚语比喻“生命力极强”。
A cat in gloves catches no mice.(戴手套的猫捉不到老鼠。)
这条谚语比喻“四肢不勤的人,什么事也做不出来”。
宗教是一种文化现象,谚语与文化的关系极为密切。更能折射出宗教对谚语的影响。英美国家,基督教起着特别重要的作用,所以很多谚语源自《圣经》,或与基督教有关。了解英美人的信仰对翻译相关谚语起重要作用。
Religion is a cultural phenomenon, the relationship between proverbs and culture are very close.More a reflection of the religious proverbs.Anglo-American countries, Christianity plays a particularly important role, so a lot of proverbs from the Bible, or related to Christianity.Anglo-American faith plays an important role of translation-related proverbs
The heart knows his own bitterness.《圣经•箴言》
一颗心知道它自己的痛苦。
Every man must carry his own cross.(每个人必须背他自己的十字架。)
这条谚语来自《圣经》,cross(十字架)是耶稣走向死亡之地所带的十字架,钉上十字架而死。cross一词就有了“苦难”的转义。这条谚语的意思是,人人都要忍受生活中的苦难,承担自己的生活负担。
Forbidden fruit(禁果)一语也出自《圣经》,并为众人所周知。在《创世纪》中,亚当在伊甸园所吃的苹果是禁果,这个典故使“Forbidden fruit”一语获得“因被禁止反而想弄到手的东西”的转义。从而产生:
Forbidden fruit is sweet.禁果是甜的。这句谚语表示“不让得到的东西格外有诱惑力”。
在英语谚语翻译的过程中,除了以上四个主要的因素需要认真考虑外,我们还要考虑到寓言神话、文学艺术和体育美术等因素还会影响到我们对英语谚语的翻译和理解。
In addition to these four major factors that need to be carefully considered in the process of English proverbs, we have to take into account the allegorical myth, literature and art and sports art and other factors will also affect to our translation of English proverbs and understanding
英语翻译之英语谚语的译法
《辞海》说:谚语是“熟语的一种,流传于民间的简练通俗而富有意义的语句,大多反映人民生活和斗争的经验。《现代汉语词典》说:谚语是”“在群众中间流传的固定语句,用简单通俗的话反映出深刻的道理。”泽尔巴赫说:“谚语是凝结的群众智慧。”英国政治家约翰·罗素说:“谚语是一个人的才智,也是许多人的才智。”
Said: “Ci Hai” proverb “Sayings of a spread in the community's concise popular and meaningful statement, most of them reflect the experience of people's lives and struggles.” Modern Chinese Dictionary “says: Proverbs are spread among the massesfixed statement to reflect the profound truth, with a simple and popular.”Zell Bach said:“ the proverb is a condensation of the wisdom of the masses.”British statesman John Russell said:“ Proverbs are the daughters of a person's intelligence, the talents of many people.”
英语(论坛)的maxim意为:格言、箴言;谚语;原理、主义;行为准则等。proverb意为:谚语、古话;俗语、箴言等。quotation意为语录、名言、谚语。学好谚语,对于英语的提高非常有帮助,一些谚语如果能够做到信手拈来,会让你的文采增色不少。比较谚语的中文和英文,也会让你体会到不同文化之间很多道理都是相同的。有的智慧是如此的相似,简直如出一辙。不得不感慨人类之伟大。希望大家真正学好谚语,并提高自己的英语水平。
English(Forum)maxim means: maxims, proverbs;proverb;principle, doctrine;Code of Conduct.The proverb means: proverbs, an old saying;saying, Proverbs.quotation word for quotations, sayings, and proverbs.Learn proverbs, very helpful for the improvement of English proverbs do come in handy, make your literary talent considerably.Compare proverbs in Chinese and English, but also make you feel a lot of sense between the different cultures are the same.Some wisdom is so similar, almost identical.But feeling the greatness of mankind.I hope we truly learn proverbs, and to improve their English language proficiency.1、Rome was not built in a day
罗马不是一天建成的。
2、Dripping water wears away stone.水滴石穿
3、Where there’s a will, there’s a way.有志者事竟成。
4、A good beginning is half done.好的开始是成功的一半。
5、Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。
6、A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑,长一智。
7、A hedge between keeps friendship green.君子之交淡如水。
8、A good book is the best of friend, the same today and forever.好书正如良友,会让你受益终生。
9、A good conscience is a soft pillow.不做亏心事,不怕鬼敲门。
10、Let bygones be bygones.既往不咎。
11、Fear always springs from ignorance.恐惧源于无知。
12、He who risks nothing gains nothing.收获与风险并存。
13、Necessity is the mother of invention.需求是发明的动力。
14、There is no general rule without some exception.任何规则均有例外。
不善始者不善终。2.A bad thing never dies.遗臭万年。
4.A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush.一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。
5.A boaster and a liar are cousins-german.吹牛与说谎本是同宗。
6.A bully is always a coward.色厉内荏。
7.A burden of one's choice is not felt.爱挑的担子不嫌重。
8.A candle lights others and consumes itself.蜡烛照亮别人,却毁灭了自己。9.A cat has 9 lives.猫有九条命。
10.A cat may look at a king.人人平等。
11.A close mouth catches no flies.病从口入。
12.A constant guest is never welcome.常客令人厌。13.Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。14.Adversity leads to prosperity.穷则思变。
15.Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.逆境出人才。
16.A fair death honors the whole life.死得其所,流芳百世。17.A faithful friend is hard to find.知音难觅。
18.A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑,长一智。
19.A fox may grow gray, but never good.江山易改,本性难移。20.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。
21.A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友难,失朋友易。
22.A friend is never known till a man has need.需要之时方知友。23.A friend without faults will never be found.没有十全十美的朋友。
24.“After you” is good manners.“您先请”是礼貌。
25.A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。26.A good beginning is half done.善始者善终。
27.A good book is a good friend.好书如挚友。
28.A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever.一本好书,相伴一生。
29.A good conscience is a soft pillow.不做亏心事,不怕鬼叫门。30.A good fame is better than a good face.美名胜过美貌。
31.A good husband makes a good wife.夫善则妻贤。
32.A good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口。
33.A good wife health is a man's best wealth.妻贤身体好是男人最大的财富。34.A great talker is a great liar.说大话者多谎言。
35.A hedge between keeps friendship green.君子之交淡如水。