翻译第8讲(词类转换)(2010)

第一篇：翻译第8讲(词类转换)(2010)

Lecture 5Conversion of part of speech

From today on, we’ll learn some main translation techniques.For example: Conversion of part of speech;amplification;ommision;how to translate passive voice;how to translate nominal clause;how to translate long sentence;how to translate attributive clause, etc.What we’ll learn today is the first one, that is, Conversion of part of speech.A word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language.That means it may be translated into another part of speech in another language.For example: a noun, a perposition, an adjective,or an adverbial in one language may be translated into verb in another language;a verb, or an adjective may be translated into noun in another language.As we have learned, English is a noun-dominated language, which means that the noun phase has a high frequency in usage.English sentences tend to be stative.While Chinese is a verb-dominated language.This is because the different way of thinking of the two nations.English speaking people are used to thinking in abstract concepts.Thus English speaking people often express actions through abstract nouns.As these nouns imply some actions, there are hardly corresponding nouns in Chinese to match them.As a result, in translation many such nouns should be better turned into verbs.Therefore, in this chapter we’ll mainly focus on the noun-verb translation.(1)Nouns that imply some action, especially those derived from their corresponding verbs are usually translated into Chinese verbs,(and their attributives naturally become adverbials 见E和H).For examples:

A)The maintenance of the existence of some rare animals has recently claimed world-wide attention.Word-for-word translation of “maintenance of the existence of some rare animals” should be “某些稀有动物生存的保护”.It would sound very awkward.So the noun maintenance here should be translated into verb “保护”.The Chinese version of this sentence should be “保护某些稀有动物的生存，近来已引起了世界范围的广泛关注”。

B)My admiration for him grew more.我对他越来越敬佩

C)The proof of the pudding is in the eating.要想知道布丁的滋味，就要亲自尝一尝。

D)His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest.他因受贿而被捕。

E)The timely arrival of the police stopped the riot.警察及时赶到，制止了骚乱。F)He regretted their failure to reach an agreement.他们未能达成协议，他感到遗憾。

G)He shook his head in feigned disbelief.他故意摇摇头，假装不相信。

H)His continual, unnatural watching of other’s movements aroused our suspicions.他老是鬼鬼祟祟地查看别人的行动，引起了我们的怀疑。

I)His decision could not be indefinitely postponed.他不能无限期地托延下去而 1

不作决定。

J)His exclusion from the tennis club hurt him very much.网球俱乐部拒绝接纳他，这使他很伤心。

K)In the evening after wash and his sit-down tea he went upstairs.晚上，他洗了洗，坐下来喝点茶，然后上楼。

L)Scientists are only beginning to understand why physical workouts can also provide a mental and emotional boost.科学家刚开始了解为什么锻炼身体也能增进智力，改善情绪。

M)The early spring of England is still full of climatic irregularity.英格兰初春的天气常常变幻莫测。

N)How much time would have to pass before he wasn’t her every other thought? 还要过多少时候她才会不再情不自禁地老想起他呢？

We can find that the logical subject(agent of action)of this type of noun is often a possessive case.However, the possessive may not always refer to the logical subject but sometimes to the logical object(patient of the action).For example:

More troops have been sent to your protection.已派更多的部队来保护你们。

(2)Nouns appearing in the “there be…” pattern and similar pattern showing existence can also be translated into Chinese verbs.For examples:

A)There was a sudden fall in temperature.气温突然下降。

B)There has been an outbreak of SARS in this community.这个小区爆发了非典。

C)There is a powerful social argument for a firmer standard of spoken English.社会上有许多人大力主张英语口语应该有一个严格的标准。

D)In such a case it is impossible for there to be any escape from exposure.在这种情况下，谁也不可能躲开不被暴露。

E)There were only sporadic attempts to answer such questions.只有零零星星几个人试着回答这样的问题。

(3)Nouns of –er form sometimes don’t have corresponding words in chinese.A proper way to transiate them is to turn then into verbs, and sure, their attributive modifiers are better turned into adverbials.A)he is a heavy smoker.他抽烟很厉害。

B)he is a good listerner and they like to talk with him.他能倾听别人意见，因此他们喜欢和他聊天。

C)he is considered as a poor loser.人们认为他输不起。

D)what’s the matter? You’re all clock-watchers today.你们今天一直不停看钟，是怎么回事呀？

Native English speakers seem to prefer to use this kind of noun to describe a person, bur we chinese tend to use verbs.For examole, we often say 他学习很用功。However, in English, “he is a good student” is preferable to “he studies hard”.Therefore, we should adopt this pattern in C-E translation.For example: 她衣着时

髦。She is a sharp dresser；she is a fashionable dresser

(4)Apart from such “dynamic nouns”, which means nouns imply actions, very often some other nouns can also be turned into verbs, or with verbs added in English-Chinese translation in order to make more smooth and natural translation.For examples:

A)But reality makes things difficult.但是一接触现实，事情就难办了。

B)She considered housework demeaning and the care of children an added insult.她认为干家务活低人一等，带孩子更丢人。

C)After more than two centuries of wind and rain, the doors and windows were mouldering.经历了两百多年的风吹雨打，门窗都朽坏了。

D)Example is not the main thing in influencing.It is the only thing.以身作则不但是影响人的主要方法，而是唯一的方法。

E)She went and tapped at Liddy’s door, and after some labor awoke her.她敲了敲丽蒂的门，颇费了周折才把她叫醒。

F)To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.在某种程度上说，这已成了先有鸡还是先有蛋的问题。

G)Your arm looks like a hospital job.Are you all right? 看上去你的胳膊好像动过手术。你有什么不舒服吗？

H)I’m a sight in the early morning—I admit it.我承认，我大清早这样做有点招摇过市。

I)Such actions would become good headlines tomorrow.如果采取这样的行动，一定会成为明天报纸的头条新闻。

J)The short cut would take us five hours to get there.(就是)抄近路我们（也要）五个小时才能到那里。

(5)nouns in some special idiomatic usage, such as “all +noun”、“have +a noun”, are always turned into verbs.A)the girl was all smiles.姑娘笑逐颜开。

B)he is all eyes 她全神贯注地看着

C)life is by no means all pleasure 生活不仅仅是享乐

D)they took a final look at Iron Mike，still intact in the darkness 他们最后看了一眼铁麦克一眼——它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗之中。

(5)nouns fernquently appear in English posters.Their counterparts in Chinese often use verbs.A)No parking.禁止停车。

B)No photographing.禁止摄影。

C)No admittance except on business.闲人免进。

D)Under construction.正在施工。

E)No money down.免付定金。

F)No hawkers.不准在此设摊兜售。

G)Satisfaction or your money back.包您满意，不满退款。

H)A drink on the house.本店免费提供饮料。

1.介词转译成动词。（prep.---v.）

(1)

(2)

(3)It is our goal that the people in the undeveloped areas will be finally poverty.(4)

2.形容词转译成动词（adj.---v.）

(1)Integrity means you do what you do because it’s right错。

(2)Don’t be might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are.(3)

3.副词转译为动词（adv.---v.）

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

第二篇：英译汉4-词汇翻译词类转换

第三单元 词汇翻译 第二节

词类转换

一、转译为动词

1、带有动作意味的名词

例1.Television is transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.例2.The American people demanded his release.He won praise for his release of the prisoners of war.例3.The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing.例4.I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.例5.We are enemies of all aggressive wars.例6.The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.2、表示动作的介词

例1.A force is needed to move an object against inertia.例2.The letter I is commonly used for current, E for electromotive force, and R for resistance.例3.In his early days he abandoned medicine for literature.3、动词衍生的形容词和表示感觉的形容词 例1.Sugar and salt are both soluble in water.例2.The Republicans are out, the Democrats in.例3.They are not sure they can save his life.例4.She is familiar with English.二、转译为名词

1、动词

例1.Often property damage and disrupted lives result.例2.The earth on which we live is shaped like a ball.例3.Mercury weighs about thirteen times as much as water.例4.When this happens, the light is said to be reflected.2、形容词

例1.They did their best to help the sick and the poor.例2.Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—but soft.例3.The Wilde family were religious.3、副词

例1.He is physically weak but mentally sound.例2.They have not done so well ideologically, as organizationally.例3.Certainly people in enterprises must be mathematically informed if they are to make wise decision.三、转译为形容词

1、名词

例1.The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.例2.The lower stretches of rivers show considerable variety.例3.I am a perfect stranger to physics.2、副词

例1.The President had prepared meticulously for his journey.四、转译为副词

1、名词

例1.When he catches a glimpse of potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.2、形容词

例1.We took brief, restless naps.例2.I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.例3.This is sheer nonsense.例4.Buckley was in a clear minority.

第三篇：浅析英译汉翻译中词类转换技巧

浅析英译汉翻译中词类转换技巧

【摘要】英语作为一门国际语言和交流工具，随着我国国力的增加，已经在沟通和交流文化及商业中起到了举足轻重的作用。英语翻译中，需要了解两种语言的特点和形式，并利用一些技巧将文章通顺及合理地翻译。文中阐述了英译汉翻译过程中的词类转换技巧，就某些翻译中频频出现的问题结合具体实例进行了较为详尽的分析，这对于英译汉的翻译和英语更深层次的学习有重要意义。

【关键词】翻译原则 英译汉 词性转换

一、翻译原则及词类转换的含义

翻译是在准确，通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的行为，翻译也是将一种相对陌生的表达方式转换成熟悉的表达方式的过程。翻译的主要标准：1.忠实。要忠实原文所要传达的信息，把原文的信息完整而准确地表达出来。2.通畅。译文规范，明白易懂，没有文理不通，结构混乱，逻辑不清的现象。

词类转换法是指在翻译过程中，根据译文语言的习惯进行相关的变换，不仅是指词类的转变，而且还包含词类功能的改变和一定词序的变换，英文和中文词类没有完全对应的关系，英语单词有词性变换，中文没有，大学英语中经常出现的词类转换是名词，介词词组，形容词转译为动词。

二、词类转换的技巧分析

英文翻译过程中，不少学生都将自己束缚在原文的语法结构、句型以及字数上，往往会出现“生搬硬套”翻译情况，使得译文的词组运动不当、语序不正确，很难将原文的含义表达出来。这些问题主要表现为译文的上下文连续性不强、没有达到语境要求以及死译等。所以，英文翻译时需要事先比较英文和中文的语言结构和表述习惯。其中，英语以形式为主，而中文则以含义为主。因此，在对这两种语言进行翻译时应根据语言的语言特征和逻辑性，尽量不要频繁对英文进行断句，否则将破坏英文的连贯性，还会降低文章的严谨性。除此之外，针对词类转换中出现的词性或词序变化问题，需要学生明确英文词汇间的关系。例如，英文单词词性的变化大都是通过词缀完成的，例如加前缀或后缀，从而产生不同的词性。而汉语通常都使用动词。对于这些差异，在翻译过程中必须要重视起来。

三、词类转换的类型

1.名词转换为动词。①表示直觉，感情，欲望的心里状态的形容词，如果做表语则在翻译是经常转换为动词，如confident，certain，careful，cautious，angry，sorry，ashamed，thankful，anxious，grateful，able等。例如：He is grateful for her help.译为：他很感激她的帮助。“grateful”由形容词“感激的”译为动词“感激”。②英语的构词法中，由动词转化来的名词一般有加前缀，后缀的方式。例如，-ment，-tion，-er….这时，由动词派生或者含有动词含义的名词在翻译时需要将名词转换为动词。例如：Robots have found application for the exploration of the universe.译为：机器人已经用来探索宇宙。注：如果这里的“application ”和“exploration”转化为动词后，就会使句子语句通顺。

2.名词转换为形容词。在英语中由形容词派生的名词翻译起来需要转化为形容词，否则会使语句不通顺。例如：The new design should offer greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place.译为：新的设计应该使地震频发的城市更为安全。注：这里的offer security由中的“security”翻译时由名词转化为形容词；如果字面意思译为“提供更大安全”，则不够地道，感觉很生硬。

3.形容词转换为副词。在英译汉中，通常将修饰名词的形容词译为副词。例如：You had better give them a quick glance during communication.译为：在沟通时，你最好飞快地瞥一眼他们。注：在原句中名词glance 由形容词quick修饰，需要在译文中转换为副词。

4.副词转换为形容词。在英译汉中，修饰英文动词的副词经常译为形容词。例如：We were most impressed by the fact that those patients were not in good condition.译为：给我们留下深刻印象的是，那些病人的身体状况不太好。

5.介词转换为动词。英语中常用介词表达动词的含义，翻译时需将介词译为动词。例如：While she is working，her feet are on the bench.译为：当她工作时，她的脚放在椅子上。注：这里 on the bench 是介词短语，需要译为“放在椅子上”的动词短语。

四、词类转换的注意事项

词类转换过程中需要注意：首先要尊重原著的意思，不能为了翻译的方便而破坏原文本意；其次要注意翻译词语和语境与文章上下文之间的联系，使读者阅读时能够清楚详尽。此外，在翻译过程中，需要保证翻译的通顺和精确，这是翻译的最基本原则和要求，也是成功翻译的条件。最后一点也是最重要的一点，翻译时需要将文章中的精髓进行一定的加工，使得作品在遵循原文的基础上能够更加贴近文学本身，能够让读者感受到理解文章基本内容的同时有可以学到的新的东西，无论是翻译技巧还是翻译的内容中包含的知识。不仅考验翻译的功底也同时使得翻译有更加有意义更加长远的发展。

五、结论

英文翻译中词性转换是最基本也是最常用的方法，上文结合例句介绍的五类词性转化的方法是英译汉翻译中最常见的五种，掌握这些会有助于翻译的成功。对于大学生甚至是研究生来说，把握词性转化的方法，做到举一反三，在此基础上，有良好的翻译思想做指导，不生搬硬套，注重意义的理解，通过上下文的贯通以及清晰的逻辑关系，会使文章翻译的更加顺畅，更容易理解，加深我们对英语原文的解读。

参考文献：

[1]程兵兵，佘波.从《实用英语》中看英译汉的基本方法和技巧[J].科技视界，2014，12：218-219.

第四篇：重大商务英语翻译第四次翻译作业-词类转换B

1.Telecommunicationso much in modern life that without it our life would be impossible.电信在现代生活中意义十分重大,没有它，我们几乎无法生活。

2.Glass is more

玻璃的透明度比塑料高。

3.The car is moreat a constant speed.汽车在匀速行驶时会更经济。

4.They showed aunderstanding of our problem.他们对我们的问题表示同情和理解。

5.He had the

他好意地给我指路。

6.Boys 男女生想法不同。

7.The road tois long but we are firmly

发展的道路是漫长的，但是我们已经坚定地走上这条路。

8.After careful investigation they found the design.仔细研究之后,他们发现这个设计过时了。

9.Those small factories are lavishof raw materials.那些小工厂在极大的消耗和浪费原材料。

10.He is a man of.他是个有胆量的人。

11.传统上，总是会有两个国家之间的关系非常好。

12.All the students should developand.学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。

13．Nowadays many people in the society arepoor.当今社会中,有许多人在物质富有却在精神空虚。

14．Rockets have foundfor the

火箭已经被发现可以应用在宇宙探索中。

第五篇：英语翻译中的词类转换

英语翻译中的词类转换—转译成形容词

转译成形容词

（一）形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。

1.The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。

2.The security and warmth of the destroyer's sick bay were wonderful.驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖，好极了。

3.He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.他同邦迪谈了一会，他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。

（二）有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词。如：

1）The blockade was a success.封锁很成功。

2）As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.他对这城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。

3）Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。其他词类转译

（一）形容词与副词的互相转译

1.英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词。如：

1）Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent flashes of lightening made us turn apprehensive glances toward Zero.偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使得我们不时忧虑地朝着零区方向望去。

2）It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President's reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。

2.英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动词的副词往往转译成形容词。如：

1）He routinely radioed another agent on the ground.他跟另一个地勤人员进行了例行的无线电联络。

2）The President had prepared meticulously for his journey.总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。

3.由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同，还有一些英语形容词可译为汉语副词。如：

1）This is sheer nonsense.（这完全是胡说。）

2）Buckley was in a clear minority.（巴克利显然属于少数。）

3）By dialing the right number, you may be able to select a play, golf lesson or lecture in physics, from a pretaped library in a remote city, for showing on your home screen.只要拨对了号码，你就可以在家里电视机上选看到有远方城市一座图书馆发出的预先录制的一出戏、一堂打高尔夫球的讲课，或者一次物理学演讲。

（二）名词与副词的互相转译

1.名词转译成副词

1）When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。

2）The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。

2.副词转译成名词

1）They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally.但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。

2）He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。转译成名词

（一）英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。

1.名词派生的动词

1）Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。

2）To them, he personified the absolute power.在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。

2.名词转用的动词

1）Most U.S.spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。

（二）有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译成“受（遭）到……+名词”、“予（加）以+名词”这类结构。如：

Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth.（由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。）

（三）形容词转译成名词

1.英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成名词。如：

1）They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。

2）Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。

2.此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。如：

1）Stevenson was eloquent and elegant——but soft.史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。

2）They were considered insincere.他们被人认为是伪君子。

在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能用“一个萝卜一个坑”的方法来逐词对译。原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使汉语译文通顺自然。词类转译的情况归纳起来有以下四种。

一、转译成动词

英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。例如，在He admires the President's stated decision to fight for the job.（他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩）中，英语的谓语动词只有admires一个词，其他用的是过去分词（stated）、动词派生名词（decision）、不定式（to fight）和介词（for）等。汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、介词、形容词和副词）在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。

（一）名词转译成动词

1.由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中出现比较多。如：

1）The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli's right to exist.（1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。）

2）Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.（火箭已经用来探索宇宙。）

2.含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现较多）往往可以转译成动词。如：

1）The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.（看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。）

2）A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.（从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。）

3.英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，如teacher教师，thinker思想家等等，有时在句中并不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。如：

1）I am afraid I can't teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.（我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。）

2）Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man's past wrong doings.（在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。）

4.作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词，如：

1）They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness.他们最后看了铁麦克一眼——它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。

2）The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。

（二）介词转译成动词

1）“Coming!“Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.”来啦！"她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。

2）I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea.我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。

（三）形容词转译成动词

英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转译成动词。如：confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。

1）Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。

2）The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint.But I had to be cautious.她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。

（四）副词转译成动词

1）That day he was up before sunrise.那天他在日出以前就起来了。

2）She opened the window to let fresh air in.她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来